PRODUCTION OPERATIONS & MANUFACTURING PROCESSES OF LABSA Essay

Sulphonation – The Process Most electrophilic substitution reactions are irreversible but sulfonation is an exception. Treatment of benzene with â€Å"oleum† (a solution of SO3 in concentrated sulfuric acid) will give the sulfonic acid, the electrophilic species being sulfur trioxide which is Lewis acidic. Fig – 1 Sulphonation : Benzene equation The sulfonic acid can be converted back by treatment with hot aqueous acid. The reason for this reversibility is the fact that the Wheland intermediate is overall neutral and therefore more stable than other, positively charged intermediates. Hence, under forcing reaction conditions, the energy difference in progressing in either the forward or backward sense from the Wheland intermediate is proportionately smaller compared to the barrier to activation and hence discrimination is lost. Fig – 2 Progress of Reaction against Energy This makes the SO3H a useful directing group if it is desired to carry our selective ortho– substitution of a monosubstituted benzene possessing an ortho/para– activating group. Under normal circumstances, para– substitution would dominate, despite the statistical favouring of the ortho– positions due to steric hindrance of the original substituent. Initial sulfonation para– gives a Disubstituted benzene in which both substituents direct to the same position. Subsequent directed electrophilic substitution and removal of the sulfonic acid group gives theortho– disubstituted product. Process Involved In the Manufacture of LABSA Fig 3 – Flowchart of the process behind the production of LABSA. The manufacturing of LABSA at Sasol gulf is a continuous process. An interval of 1 day after a period of 20-21 days for the purpose of shut-down and start-up is essential for maintenance purposes. The key reactions involved in the formation of LABSA are as follows: †¢Air Drying †¢Sulphur Melting – Ignition of sulphur (S) to sulphur dioxide (SO2) †¢SO3 Production – Oxidation of sulphur dioxide to sulphur trioxide (SO3) using catalyst vanadium pentoxide (V2O5) under optimum temperature. †¢Film Sulphonation – Reaction of Linear Alkyl Benzene (LAB) with Sulphur trioxide to yield the end product LABSA. †¢Ageing & Hydrolysis †¢Gas Separation & Gas Scrubbing – Separation of LABSA from unreacted gases. Air Drying The air taken from outside is compressed and dehumidified by means of the following units: 1)Intermediate Cooling Unit. 2)Silica gel Dehumidifying Tower. The cooling has the purpose to remove the humidity from the air, up to a saturation humidity of 2 degree Celsius & also to convey low temperature air to the dehumidifying tower, thus favoring the water absorption in the silica gel. The silica gel air drying has the object to reduce to very low values (dew point -60 approx.) the moisture content of air intended for the sulfur combustion, & then for conversion. This reduces to acceptable values the oleum quantity produced in the conversion unit, which depends directly to the quantity of water contained in the air. Working The air filtered is sucked by the compressor that sends the process air to the refrigerating group. This unit removes the compression heat by water & moreover cools the air to 2 degree Celsius through the intermediate medium cooling unit which is kept at constant temperature. The equipment for air drying is a vertical cylindrical vessel, which is horizontally divided in  two parts by a partition containing insulating material. The two silica gel layers are placed on nets; 2 spaces are left free above and below such layers for air inlet and outlet respectively. On the plates, at the level of both silica gel layer, two light glasses are located to check visually their conditions. Some silica gel indicator is placed near the sight glasses, changing its color accordingto the quantity of absorbed water; thus saturating with water, it changes blue to pink. Fig 4 – Boiler to produce and supply steam. Characteristics of Silica Gel Appearance – white color, granules of 3-6 mm approx. Bulk Density: 700kg/dm3 approx The regeneration is carried out by heating with air at 150 degree Celsius. A checking about the effective regeneration is made by verifying the Silica gel indicator through the sight glasses, as well as by verifying the outlet temp., of the regeneration air on the recording thermometer. When the regeneration is accomplished the silica gel mass has a temperature quite near 150 degree Celsius. Therefore it is necessary to cool the silica gel thus allowing it to adsorb the humidity of the air crossing it. Note – The four way valves are provided with a drive by pneumatic cylinders which are remote controlled energizing some solenoid valve suitably. Air drying and cooling Air that is utilized in the production of LABSA has to be cooled first and then dried to ensure its feasibility for further reactions. Air is cooled by passing it through a heat exchanger containing the coolant mono-ethylene glycol; at a temperature of 0 to -2 degree Celsius. The coolant ensures condensation of air to around 5 degree Celsius. After cooling air to the required temperature it has to be dried to remove traces of moisture present in it. For this purpose air is passed through a cylinder filled with silica gel. The silica-gel brings the dew point of the water in the air down to stay -40 degrees Celsius. This means that the air is dry as if the air was cooled down to -40 degrees Celsius. In practice two cylinders with silica-gel are used; one for drying the air, the other is reconditioned. In general the changing of the cylinders is done automatically. Fig 5 – Air Drying Process Fig 6 – Glycol Tower In order to remove the compression heat and to condense the moisture, the air is first cooled by cooling water and then by a glycol solution in the glycol tower. The air flow is then conveyed at a constant temperature (less than 5â„Æ') to the silica gel dryers. Sulphur Melting Sulphur is melted to allow Sulphur that has been acquired has to be melted prior to its ignition. This is done by heating it in the melter at temperatures of 135â„Æ' to 145â„Æ'. If the temperature exceeds 145â„Æ' it would result in vaporisation of sulphur while temperatures less than 135â„Æ' would be insufficient to melt sulphur. Therefore a temperature of 140 is maintained to prevent wastage of sulphur due to the above mentioned causes. Fig 7–Sulphur Melting Tank. The solid sulphur is melted and filtered to avoid the pump valves clogging and then fed to the sulphur burner by a proportioning pump. The viscosity of molten sulphur is minimum between 135â„Æ' to 140 â„Æ'. Fig 8 – Viscosity Of Sulphur Molten sulphur is fed under mass control by means of a mass flow meter. The pump and the relevant piping are steam heated in order to to keep the temperature constant and to minimize sulphur viscosity. Fig 9 – Sulphur Burning SOâ‚Æ' Production The oxidation reaction of sulphur dioxide and trioxide is exothermic and heat produced by it is quite sufficient to keep the catalyst layers at the required at the required temp. to obtain a good conversion progress. In order to get the best efficiency, the gas inlet temperature in the first catalyst layer has to be about 420 degree Celsius. To start the reaction, the catalyst layers of the first & second stage of the conversion tower have to be brought to the necessary temperature. This is reached by preheating with hot air and the upper part of the catalyst tower is heated upto a temperature of 400-420 degree Celsius. Fig 10 – Catalyst Bed Sulphur Dioxide & Sulphur Trioxide Production The sulphur combustion furnace has been designed for this special purpose. In the furnace, the sulphur is fed through a pipe and falls on a surface of refractory balls, while the combustion air is supplied in counter current, thus obtaining the complete combustion of sulphur without its spraying through a nozzle; which might often clog owing to sulphur impurities. This system is quite simple; it does not require any maintenance and the gas composition does not change. The temperature of the gas at the burner outlet is around 700 degree Celsius (corresponding approximately to a SO2 concentration of 7% by volume). Thereafter a heat exchanger cools the gas so that it reaches the conversion tower at the required temperature. The conversion tower is composed of three layers of vanadium pentoxide (V2O5) catalyst. The gas, passing from a layer to next one, crosses a heat exchanger to take the gas temperature to optimum conversion values on every stage. In order to allow quick startup, a preheating system has been  provided. The main characteristics of Ballestra pre-heating system have been provided: âž ¢No electric pre-heater is required because if it were used, being in the presence of SO3, it would be corroded very quickly. âž ¢Moreover, with Ballestra system there is no need to either cut off or regulate values in the circuit of conversion l ines, which should operate a temperature of about 500 degree Celsius in the presence SO2 / SO3, thus being easily corroded. âž ¢The gas temperature is of course too high to be suitable for sulphonation; therefore some heat exchangers in the series are used to cool the gas down to proper sulphonation temperature. The hot air coming from SO3 coolers is utilized for silica gel regeneration.[6] Fig 11 – SO2 / SO3 Production Film Sulphonation This group is composed by a film reactor, multi-tube type, having dimensions and number of tubes proportional to the plant capacity. The sulphonation gas is automatically fed on the reactor top and distributed in part strictly equal on each of the pipes composing the reactor. The raw material to be sulphonated is fed in co-current with the gas. Outside the reaction tubes in the reactor jacket the cooling water circulates in co-current with the film, thus allowing a control of the reaction temperature by heat removing. The distribution of the gas and the product to be sulphonated is designed in order to ensure a constant ratio between the two phases, inside each reaction tube. The sulphonated or sulphated product, coming out of the reactor is suitably degassed, aged and stabilized according to the fed raw material; and fed to the neutralization unit. In this connection the Ballestra sulphonation / sulphation system by film reactor has great advantages towards the other existing systems on the market since in the case of power failure an emergency system, included in the supply, avoids any damage to the product and the necessity of cleaning the reactor before resuming operation. This system can be also used during plant startup: the material to be sulphonated is fed and recycled to the reactor until optimum SO2-SO3 conversion is reached. Main Reactor Fig 12 – Top view of the Reactor Fig 13 – Bottom Nozzles Of the Reactor This SO3 is sent to the reactor where it reacts with Linear Alkyl Benzene. Due to presence of some water vapours in air some oleum is also formed. This should be avoided as it can cause blockage. The reactor has small tubes in which the SO3 passes and the LAB passes through its sides. The main reaction takes place at bottom of these tubes and during maintenance these tubes are thoroughly cleaned because if the LAB leaks to the centre part then the reaction will take place there only and no SO3 will pass through. Then this mixture of LABSA (desired product), LAB, SO3 and a mixture of other waste materials including oleum is sent to a separator. The liquid product is sent to the aging vessel and the gases are sent to cyclone. Fig 14 – Sulphonation Plant Arrangement Ageing & Hydrolysis This is used to stabilize the sulphonated DDB. It is composed by an ageing unit and stabilizer. The product after being sulphonated overflows into the bottom of the ageing unit. It is then conveyed into the stabilizer together with water. Afterwards it is transferred with the help of a pump to the neutralization unit. Fig 15 – Ageing Vessel Gas Seperation Cyclonic separation is a method of removing particulates from an air (or gas) stream, without the use of filters, through vortex separation. Rotational effects and gravity are used to separate mixtures of solids and fluids. Here a high speed rotating air-flow is established within a cylindrical or conical container called a cyclone. Air flows in a spiral pattern, beginning at the top (wide end) of the cyclone and ending at the bottom (narrow) end before exiting the cyclone in a straight stream through the center of the cyclone and out the top. Larger (denser) particles in the rotating air stream have too much inertia to follow the tight curve of the air stream and strike the outside wall, falling then to the bottom of the cyclone where they can be removed. In a conical system, as the rotating air-flow moves towards the narrow end of the cyclone the rotational radius of the air stream is reduced, separating smaller and smaller particles from the stream. The cyclone geometry, together with air flow rate, defines the cut point of the cyclone. This is the size of particle that will be removed from the air stream with a 50% efficiency. Particles larger than the cut point will be removed with a greater efficiency and smaller particles with a lower efficiency. The liquid product and reactants which still have to react are sent to the aging vessel but the product in the form of vapour and gases are sent to Electrostatic Precipitator. Fig 16 – Gas Splitting Gas Scrubbing / Exhaust Gas Treatment The unit is designed to treat exhaust gas stream coming from the sulphonation reactor before being sent to the atmosphere in order to remove any possible organic, unreacted SOâ‚Æ' traces and unconverted SOâ‚‚. The exhausted gas coming from the reactor pass through a cyclone which provides to separate the acid mist before getting into the electrostatic precipitator and SO2 scrubber column. Fig 17 – Exhaust Gas Treatment In the electrostatic precipitator the organic substances and unreacted SO3 are separated and eliminated. The residual unconverted SO2 is absorbed in the scrubbing column in which a water and caustic soda solution is continuously recycled. The gas stream is contacted with a controlled stream of fresh organic raw material. Fig 18– Electrostatic Precipitator Functionality Details Fig 19 – Electro Static Precipitator Construction Details An electrostatic precipitator (ESP) or electrostatic air cleaner is a particulate collection device that removes particles from a flowing gas (such as air) using the force of an induced electrostatic charge. The LABSA is separated and sent to the ageing vessel. Types of Heat Exchangers Shell and Tube heat exchanger Shell and tube heat exchangers consist of a series of tubes. One set of these tubes contains the fluid that must be either heated or cooled. The second fluid runs over the tubes that are being heated or cooled so that it can either provide the heat or absorb the heat required. A set of tubes is called the tube bundle and can be made up of several types of tubes: plain, longitudinally finned etc. Shell and Tube heat exchangers are typically used for high pressure applications (with pressures greater than 30 bar and temperatures greater than 260 °C. This is because the shell and tube heat exchangers are robust due to their shape. There are several thermal design features that are to be taken into account when designing the tubes in the shell and tube heat exchangers. These include: †¢Tube diameter: Using a small tube diameter makes the heat exchanger both economical and compact. However, it is more likely for the heat exchanger to foul up faster and the small size makes mechanical cleaning of the fouling difficult. To prevail over the fouling and cleaning problems, larger tube diameters can be used. Thus to determine the tube diameter, the available space, cost and the fouling nature of the fluids must be considered. †¢Tube thickness: The thickness of the wall of the tubes is usually determined to ensure: oThere is enough room for corrosion oThat flow-induced vibration has resistance oAxial strength oAbility to easily stock spare parts cost Sometimes the wall thickness is determined by the maximum pressure differential across the wall. †¢Tube length: heat exchangers are usually cheaper when they have a smaller shell diameter and a long tube length. Thus, typically there is an aim to make the heat exchanger as long as possible. However, there are many limitations for this, including the space available at the site where it is going to be used and the need to ensure that there are tubes available in lengths that are twice the required length (so that the tubes can be withdrawn and replaced). Also, it has to be remembered that lone, thin tubes are difficult to take out and replace. †¢Tube pitch: when designing the tubes, it is practical to ensure that the tube pitch (i.e. the centre-centre distance of adjoining tubes) is not less than 1.25 times the tubes’ outside diameter LAS/LABSA ( Linear Alkyl Benzene Suplhonic Acid ) – The Product Description of LAS Linear alkylbenzene sulfonic acid is the largest-volume synthetic surfactant because of its relatively low cost, good performance, the fact that it can be dried to a stable powder and the biodegradable environmental friendliness as it has straight chain. LAS is an anionic surfactants with molecules characterized by a hydrophobic and a hydrophilic group. Alpha-olefin sulfonates (AOS) alkyl sulfates (AS) are also examples of commercial anionic surfactants. They are nonvolatile compounds produced by sulfonation. LAS are complex mixtures of homologues of different alkyl chain lengths (C10 to C13 or C14) and phenyl positional isomers of 2 to 5-phenyl in proportions  dictated by the starting materials and reaction conditions, each containing an aromatic ring sulfonated at the para position and attached to a linear alkyl chain at any position with the exception of terminal one (1-phenyl). The properties of LAS differ in physical and chemical properties according to the alkyl chain length, resulting in formulations for various applications. The starting material LAB (linear alkylbenzene) is produced by the alkylation of benzene with n-paraffins in the presence of hydrogen fluoride (HF) or aluminium chloride (AlCl3) as a catalyst. LAS is produced by the sulfonation of LAB with oleum in batch reactors. Other sulfonation alternative reagents are sulfuric acid, diluted sulfur trioxide, chlorosulfonic acid and sulfamic acid on falling film reactors. LAS are then neutralized to the desired salt (sodium, ammonium, calcium, potassium, and triethanolamine salts). Surfactants are widely used in the industry needed to improve contact between polar and non-polar media such as between oil and water or between water and minerals. MASS DENSITY AT 20 DEGREES C : ~ 1.070 g/cm3 VISCOSITY AT 20 DEGREES C : ~ 1500 – 2000 mPa.s. MELTING RANGE : ~ – 10 DEGREES C. BOILING POINT : ~ 315 DEGREES C. VAPOUR PRESSURE at 20 DEGREES c : Below 0.15 (0.001 mm Hg). FLASH POINT (PMcc) : >200 DEGREES C. DECOMPOSITION TEMPERATURE : > 100 DEGREES C. Ph : ~ 2. Applications of LAS Alkylbenzene sulfonic acid, as the raw material of detergent, is used to produce alkylbenzene sulfonic acid sodium (LAS), which has the performances of cleaning, wetting, foaming, emulsifying and dispersing, etc. The rate of biodegradation is more than 90%. The product is widely used for producing various detergents and emulsifiers for agricultural herbicides and in emulsion polymerization. It is mainly used to produce household detergents such as washing powder, detergent of dishware, detergent of light or hard dirt, cleaner of textile industry, dyeing assistant, degreaser of plating and leather making industry, and the deinking agent of paper-making industry, etc. Characteristics †¢Good Surface active properties †¢Low cost surfactant for detergents †¢Easy processing into dried powders †¢Desirable solubility in both liquid and powder formulation †¢Biodegradable †¢Compatible with other surface active agents Sales Specifications APPEARANCEViscous Light Brown liquid ACTIVE MATTER96.0% min ACID VALUE180 – 190 FREE OIL1.5% max WATER1.0% max COLOR, KLETTE50 max (5% Sol. pH=7, 40mm cell) FREE SULFURIC ACID1.5% max Advantages †¢Cost effective, anionic surfactant. †¢Biodegradable. †¢Due to its stable foam, suitable for detergent applications in combination with other surfactants. †¢Compatible with enzymes and builders. †¢Outstanding performance with other anionic surfactants due to its synergistic effect. †¢Consumes less alkali for neutralisation. †¢Ideal for liquid detergent application due to high solubility and low salt content. Packaging & Transportation LAB First the truck is parked in the heavy loading station directly under a valve. Laborers enter the truck and fix metal rods in grooves near the door. Then a cardboard perimeter is set up in order to provide support. A flexi-bag is spread out on the bottom of the container, above and within the cardboard perimeter. A hose is connected to the valve and to the flexi-bag. The initial reading is taken from the main LAB tank. The flexi-bag can withstand 20-25 tons of LAB. Calculations are carried out to transfer an approx. 20 tons. The meter reading must reduce by 52cm. Fig 20 – Flexi Bags within cardboard perimeter Sulphonic Acid The sulphonic acid is corrosive in nature and therefore requires a vehicle with a pre-fitted tanker. The tanker is made of a special material (commonly stainless steel) Also the tank must be able to keep the sulphonic acid at a desirable temperature. Fig 21 – Fitted Tank LABSA LABSA is packaged into plastic drums and then transported. Each drum contains 210kg of the product. Sasol buys second hand drums in order to cut costs. Once the drums are loaded with LABSA on a wooden platform a forklift will move them to the storage shed. At the time of loading the forklift will carry these drums to a loading station with an adjustable ramp. The forklift will carry the containers into the truck and load them there. Fig 22 – Plastic Drums for packaging Analysis Every two hours, regular analysis of the product is carried out to make sure the quality of the product is maintained. A sample of the product is taken in a beaker and taken to the analysis room. Color Klett Determination A Klett colorimeter allows light to pass through and determines the colour Klett of the substance. The beaker is put on the colorimeter and the value of the color Klett is obtained. Lesser the color Klett, better the quality of the product. The standard value for Klett is around 50%(maximum). Here at Sasol, it ranges from 5-10% and is therefore great in quality. Required Equipments: †¢Klett Colorimeter †¢Blue Filter No. 42 with 400-465mm wavelength range †¢Pair of cells with 40mm path length †¢Balance Required Reagents: †¢Ethanol 99.9% GPR †¢Methanol GPR †¢Propan-2-ol ( Isopropyl alcohol ) GPR †¢Distilled water Procedure: †¢Prepare solvent of ethanol 99.99%, methanol, propan-2-ol or distilled water or a mix of all. †¢Weigh 5g of active substance and dilute with a weighed amount of solvent so that a solution of 5% m/m is prepared for color measurement. †¢In case of 5% m/n color measurement , weigh 5g of active substance, then times the volume of solvent required by relevant solvent density and weigh solvent. †¢Mix upto complete dissolution. †¢Fill 40mm path length cell (clean and dry) with mixture and other cell as reference cell. †¢Colorimeter must be switched on 15 mins prior to the test. Acid value determination After finding the color Klett, the sample of the product is then titrated with ethanol, drop by drop after adding the indicator. Through this, the amount of ethanol required to reach the n point is noted and the acid level of the product is calculated. It should be approx. 180. If the acid value is higher or lower than the required value, the air flow rate is adjusted and analysis is carried out till the desired acid value is obtained. Required equipments: †¢250ml conical flask †¢10ml Burette †¢Lab analytic balance reading upto 3 decimal places Required Reagents: †¢Distilled water †¢Sodium Hydroxide Volumetric Solution †¢Phenolphthalein †¢Ethanol This method covers determination of acid value for sulphonic acid, however it can also be used for pure fatty acids. Procedure: †¢Weigh accurately about 2g of sulphonic acid into the conical flask and note the weight. †¢Add 25ml of ethanol and mix well to ensure the sample is dissolved completely. †¢Titrate with NaOH solution using phenolphthalein until the solution retains a faint pink colour. Note T1. Calculation: †¢Acid Value = ( T1 x Molarity of NaOH x 56.1 ) / Wt †¢Free Acid % = ( T1 x Molarity of NaOH x titrated acid molecular weight ) [10] Conclusion In a nutshell, the previous month at Sasol has been very productive in terms of the knowledge gained regarding the manufacturing operations of the LABSA plant in Dubai, UAE. Future Scope This is a detailed report on: Production Operations and Manufacturing Processes of LABSA. It is highly informative on processes such as Air Drying, SOâ‚Æ' Production, SOâ‚Æ' Treatment, Linear Alkyl Benzene Sulphonation etc. The report can be used to bring about the following functionality: †¢Set up companies †¢Set up detergent raw material supply †¢Improve plant production quality †¢Reduce production costs References [1] www.wikipedia.com [2] www.sasol.com [3] www.uaeincorp.com [4] www.users.ox.ac.uk [5] Sasol Gulf – Operation Manual [6] Sulphonation Technology in the Detergent Industry by W. Herman de Groot [7] www.lasinfo.org [8] www.mixmedicine.com [9] www.chemicalland21.com [10] Test Method Control Room File

Realities of War

Loved and Lost English Literature 108 July 27 2014 War is a patriotic act where one seeks the determination to lead their country. It can be viewed as noble, cruel, inhumane, and can make an individual a hero or a criminal. It affects everyone in a society, hoping loved ones are safe, whether they are the ones fighting in the battlefield or waiting at home. Anthem for Doomed Youth† by Wilfred Owen presents a speaker who criticizes war and illustrates a vivid picture in the readers mind regarding the harsh realities surrounding warfare, including the Allen soldiers and the ones left behind to grieve their losses. Where as W. B. Yeats in Easter 1916 portrays a speaker who conveys an ambiguous attitude in relation to war, they initially seem undecided in their feelings regarding the rebellious revolutionaries who led the uprising, but soon turn to appreciate and appreciate the fallen individuals.Imagery is used to explore and portray complex subject matters; Owen and Yeats illustr ate the harsh realities of war using imagery that incorporates objects seen and used in every day life. All though the speaker's perspectives differ ND they explore warfare from different angles, their use of imagery serves as a powerful tool in emphasizing the positive and negative aspects of war and the side effects on a society.Owen and Yeats both question the necessity of war in â€Å"Anthem for Doomed Youth† and â€Å"Easter 1916† but Owen uses imagery that evokes negative responses to war, whereas Yeats presents an ambiguous perspective through his use of imagery. Owen creates contrary feelings towards the subject of war through his imagery. Contrasting â€Å"Anthem† with â€Å"Doomed Youth† initiates the tone for the rest of the poem, â€Å"Anthem is s youth are typically seen as young children who should be protected and not thrown in harms way, all though in this poem, the use of ‘Doomed' in title creates a completely different meaning.His use of language emphasizes his perspective against the necessity of war by contrasting words such as â€Å"demented choirs† with â€Å"wailing shells† (7) and â€Å"monstrous anger† with â€Å"guns,† (2) all portraying negative images that emphasize on the destructive nature of war, therefore contributing to the speaker's stance against war. In addition, William Kevin Penny states, This quote re-emphasizes that Owens use of detailed imagery was used deliberately so that an audience could effectively grasp the meaningful message he was trying to convey about aspects of war.His contrasting language such as â€Å"anthem† with â€Å"doomed,† and â€Å"monstrous anger† with â€Å"guns† is what makes this message conveyable to an audience. In contrast to Owens poem, Yeats uses imagery to present the speaker's ambiguous perspective, the comparisons made in the lines: Yeats uses the comparisons of death to sleep to reflect the speaker 's ambiguous perspective. Normally sleep is equated with neither, negative or positive emotions, here as death is normally seen in a negative way; yet comparing the two together, reflects the speaker's ambivalent attitude effectively in this poem.Yeats' Contrasting the image of nightfall with death signifies the relationship between the end of day (that happens insignificantly) with the end of a person's life, which normally would be considered significant, yet this reference is suggesting the death resulting from war is unnecessary. The question, â€Å"Was it needless death after all? † reflects the speakers opinion even further, the question mark is inserted to enhance the ambiguity of the beaker, as it implies the speakers uncertain nature.Therefore reflecting the speaker feels the revolutionaries' rebellion is questionable in its nature. Lima Haney agrees with this notion by claiming, â€Å"Easter 1916, Yeats conveys his dismay with the civil unrest and the needless loss of life in his country,† (341) therefore reaffirming that the speaker in this poem questions the necessity of war as it produces fatalities that are unwarranted according to Haney. Yeats is able to represent this stance, using specific language such as ‘needless death,' which also adds to the images that emphasize this notion.Owen and Yeats both use imagery in â€Å"Anthem for Doomed Youth† and â€Å"Easter 1916† to reflect the speaker's perspective on individual's involvement in the war. Owens use of imagery portrays a cynical perspective from a speaker who condemns the actions and stresses the consequences of warfare. Owens speaker stresses soldiers in â€Å"Anthem for Doomed Youth† who have fought in the war and the loved ones who have dealt with losses resulting from war.His use of language creates vivid imagery by comparing the deaths of soldiers to the deaths of cattle. Owen states, â€Å"What passing-bells for these who die as cattle? (Owen 1). This quote reflects the speaker's opinion that soldiers involved in warfare are treated like a herd of animals, and their deaths are no more important than cattle, which are rounded together and killed simultaneously in a slaughterhouse.The line also sets the tone for the rest of the poem through imagery, as soldiers are portrayed in dehumidifying terms, and reflects the negative perspective of the speaker. In contrast to the poetic devices used by Owen, Yeats' use of imagery in â€Å"Easter 1916† describes a speaker who is initially uncertain about the necessity of war, yet recognizes the revolutionaries involved on a heroic level by amortizing them.The speaker, even though ambiguous in their attitude towards war, still feels that the revolutionaries partaking in the rebellion are important enough to â€Å"write it out in a verse,† (Yeats 74) therefore the imagery of a tangible poem recognizes the revolutionaries actions as heroic enough to commemorate them in a p oem that shall be read for eternity, even though the speaker doesn't necessarily agree with the rebellion itself.This notion is further proven when Austin Ride states, † Yeats initially disapproved of the Easter rebels, heir executions won him over to a grudging and ambivalent respect for their accomplishment† (401) similar to my initial statement that through imagery, Yeats uses imagery such as commemorating revolutionaries in a tangible poem to present his speaker's ambiguous perspective on the war, all though he was uncertain in his attitude towards the rebellion, the gesture of the revolutionaries fighting for what they believed in granted them the significance to be viewed as noble and patriotic.Owen and Yeats both use imagery to describe the bloodshed during battles to emphasize the harsh realities of war in â€Å"Anthem for Doomed Youth† and â€Å"Easter 916†. Owen presents imagery that illustrates horrendous warfare conditions that exemplify the con ditions soldiers had to endure. The lines stating, â€Å"Only the monstrous anger of the guns. Only the stuttering rifles' rapid rattle† (Owen, 2-3) refers to the soldier's day-to-day living conditions, which consisted of living in fear with constant chaos from the sounds of gunshots constantly surrounding them, and knowing that at any moment their lives could be over.In comparison to Owen, Yeats also uses imagery to convey the bloodshed during battles to emphasize the harsh ileitis by stating, â€Å"We know their dream; enough / To know they dreamed and are dead,† (Yeats, 70-71) with the use of images of death, and comparing the dreams of the individuals involved in the rebellion to their deaths, illuminates the harsh realities of war; even though they had good intentions, and felt as if they were fighting for a noble cause, their â€Å"dreams† are what finalized their lives; therefore, showcasing the inevitability of warfare.Owen and Yeats' language throughout the poem creates imagery that reflects the effects of warfare and how it not only hurts the individuals involved but the ones who urn from their losses as well. Owens speaker discusses individuals in â€Å"Anthem for Doomed Youth† who have to deal with the loss of loved ones resulting from war. Stating, â€Å"The pallor of girls' brows shall be their pall; / Their flowers the tenderness of silent minds, / And each slow dusk a drawing-down of blinds. † (Owen, 12-14) refers to all the family and friends who have to deal with the horrible losses resulting from war.The â€Å"pallor of girls† signifies the paleness of women from shock and sadness, and ‘tenderness of silent minds† is referring to the silent mourning of family embers and/or friends. The phrase, â€Å"drawing-down of blinds† is also referring to the grieving of loved ones. The use of this everyday object is typically used to represent the end of day, or to be left alone. People use b linds to keep things out, such as sun, or to represent nobody is home or they do not want to be bothered.

Yhhh

This age is called the age of science, yet' we can’t deny the importance of literature in our lives. Literature is called the mirror of life; it is also called a mode of the expression of feelings and emotions. As long as human beings do have emotions and feelings, literature will be created and literature will be read. It gives a way to one's thought, modifies and brings new dimensions. It relaxes you when you are tense' enlightens your dark mind and lightens your heavy heart. This age is called the age of science, yet' we can’t deny the importance of literature in our lives.Literature is called the mirror of life; it is also called a mode of the expression of feelings and emotions. As long as human beings do have emotions and feelings, literature will be created and literature will be read. It gives a way to one's thought, modifies and brings new dimensions. It relaxes you when you are tense' enlightens your dark mind and lightens your heavy heart. â€Å"Roselilyâ₠¬  by Alice Walker, is one of the literatures that I really liked. In the short story Roselily, Alice Walker tells two stories in one.The most obvious story is the one about the Black American woman Roselily, who stands before the alter, just about to marry a muslim, while she thinks about her past, wonders about the future and is questioning whether she is making the right choice. The other, hidden story is the story about Black American women in general, their history and their ongoing search for something better. The way I understand the short story, Roselily`s story is, as it is presented to the reader through Roselily’s thoughts as she is in the middle of her wedding, a reflection of Black Americans` and women in particular situation around the 1960s.At this time, Blacks are free Americans with the equal rights as other Americans, in theory. Roselily is an independent woman of her time, but being a single mother of four children, working long hours for most likely lousy wages in a sewing plant, she is far from free. The Blacks are no longer slaves in the cotton fields, they are now paid slaves in the refinement industry. Roselily is most aware of her situation, and she is willing to leave her past and start a new life with a new man. She has probably been searching for a better life for quite some time, by being with different men, who all could give her a child, but not a new life.I am sensing an urge in Roselily, to move on, symbolized by all the cars described in the short story: They are constantly moving from one place to another, they give you mobility, prevent you from being stuck somewhere you do not want to be. Roselily knows that she does not want to stay in the sewing plant, she knows that she wants to move on to something better, but she does not know what better is, and she certainly doubts if what she has chosen will be better than what she had. Her divided personality is like the different groups of Blacks in the civil rights moveme nts.Some Blacks wanted segregation, some wanted their own nation, some wanted to be more African, some wanted to live like the White Americans, some were Muslims and some were Christians. They all agreed that their current situation was not acceptable, but they did not know how to improve it. At the same time as Roselily wants to start a new life, she is afraid of losing her roots. She pictures her children  «exalted on a pedestal, a stalk that has no roots », and  «She wonders how to make new roots ».Alice Walker here describes Black Americans and probably also her own search for identity. Which heritage is the right one; the one from their Black American ancestors, or the one from the African ancestors? As Roselily is about to marry, about to go to Chicago and start a new life with her husband, she is starting to regret her decision and faces the truth: Just like Black Americans went from the slavery in the cotton fields to paid slavery in the sewing plants, she is now mov ing to the slavery of Islam. She thinks of his religion and sees ropes, chains, handcuffs.She thinks of Chicago, her new home, and realizes that all she knows about the place is Lincoln, the president. President Lincoln abolished the slavery, but that did not free the Black Americans. Alice Walker shows feminism in this literature. Most of her works depicts racism, sexism, feminism, troubled relationships, and isolation. Alice Walker was the eighth child of sharecroppers. Despite the economic hardships of her family, she was remarkably dedicated to her education and graduated with degrees from both Sarah Lawrence and Spelman College.While attending school, Walker became frustrated with the lack of literature on the culture and history of the black experience, so she challenged educational institutions to create a representative curriculum. In the 1960s, she became involved in the civil rights movement. Her experiences became the basis for her excellent novel Meridian. Her best-known work, however, is The Color Purple. Critics and audiences alike have praised its richly drawn female characters and seemingly effortless use of black vernacular. Although she has written six novels, Walker remains very active politically, championing women’s issues and women’s work.

Islamic and christian perspective on computer science Essay

Islamic and christian perspective on computer science - Essay Example It is from such beliefs that people various perspectives emerge, all shaped by the specific dogmas of the time. As such, one would expect that at any particular time, it is highly likely that various perspectives will root out from various religious beliefs. For the purposes of this paper, the paper shall research and analyze Islamic and Christian perspectives on computer science. My major is computer science. It encompasses the study of software and hardware development and management to meet societal needs. While studying computer science, we also study contemporary issues around computer science such as religious perspectives on computer science. Under religion, a unit in computer science, we also study philosophy, critical theory and psychology. Given the interdisciplinary approach my university adopts, the course on religion is also designed to teach on various religious beliefs held by various societies that practice such religions. This assists one to be able to interact cordi ally with others as a computer scientist in a dynamic world. The goals of the major are to prepare one to be in a position understand the dynamism that exists in the society. Apart from instilling skills and technical know-how, the course also prepares one to embrace the concept of diversity and be prepared to accept others without any discrimination based on their religious beliefs. It is also apparent that the course prepares one to function properly in the current global village where various cultures, values and practices are increasingly becoming evidenced in the work place. Islamic Perspective on Computer Science One may observe that Islamic perspective on computer science is one that

Final Exam Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words - 2

Final Exam - Assignment Example Further, the students must be guided that in daily routine, there are numerous occasions where they might confront moral questions. In order to cater these, moral and ethical knowledge needs to be in mind. The ethics committee holds the responsibility to generate the conditions that are needed to aid the students in embracing and understanding the moral and ethical code of conduct. Also, it makes sure that the students are capable of applying this information in their everyday lives. Adding further, the committee is also accountable for promoting and presenting the ethical policies. This is done especially in the regions of anti corruption, human rights and free competition. 1. Firstly, the committee makes sure that the overall code of conduct of the students of the program is understood and shared. It is this code of conduct that reflects the ethical principles of the committee When graduate students are taught higher levels of leadership ethics, it encourages them to elicit such higher ethics and moral responses in the future when such knowledge is applied practically. In future, these students will be exposed to varying degrees of societal standards, time changes and ethical technique, a higher level of ethical knowledge would allow these students to demonstrate aggressiveness in this aspect. Once these students have been taught with higher standards of ethics, they will be able to excel in their leadership even if they are faced with pressures. Such pressures force these leaders to move down a path that is potentially illegal as well as unethical. This would inevitably result in disaster. In order to prevent such events from taking place in the future, it is vital that a higher standard of ethics be taught to the students at the graduate level. For me, my ethical leader is my tenth grade teacher. As a teacher, she was in position to influence our behavior and possessed ethical

Strategic management Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words - 4

Strategic management - Essay Example These kinds of problem weaken the advantage of public transportation and restrict the development of public transport. The urban travel in Indian cities mainly happens by cycling, walking and public transport. Though in the last two decades there have been huge growth rates of cars and two wheelers by 10 % and 15 % respectively in India, the two wheeler ownership remains at 40 – 50 % and car ownership remains low at 3-13 %. This shows that in India the ownership rate of personalised vehicles are low. The same thing is repeated in Delhi where the contribution margin of urban public transport is low. At present in Delhi per 1000 people only 50 persons have cars and per 1000 people 74 individuals have motorcycles. Government of Delhi implemented a number of bus optimization policies but sadly bus did not become the subject of urban transport (Stock, and Lambert, 2001, p. 211). According to a study conducted by urban development ministry at the Centre, in Delhi the availability of public transport is very low i.e. per 1000 persons it is 0.504. The average waiting time for all 517 Delhi Transport Corporation buses is 70 minutes. The reason for such high waiting time was less frequent bus trips in underdeveloped and sparsely populated areas. According to the report only 2,202 buses out of 6,455 in Delhi are made according to urban bus specifications. The report indicates that on an average DTC rolls out 5,185 buses everyday out of total fleet of 6,088 buses. Besides 120 DMRC feeder buses and 247 private operator buses bring the total number of buses running in the city to 5,552. In Delhi there are total 657 routes which are registered with State Transport Authority. The total route length for all the routes including overlapping and suburban routes comes out to be around 16,200 km. But the suburban routes are very less in number and have very little contribution to the total route length. Hence the road network is very low (Chopra and

Assignment 2 Time Constrained Test-x Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

2 Time Constrained Test-x - Assignment Example This should be geared towards addressing most of the challenges and needs that the society may be n need of. Therefore, through incorporating the triple bottom line theory, this paper will explore on how brands should create shared value (Junge 2011). Triple bottom line principles Social structure of the society One of the main characteristics of triple bottom line is the social structure that a brand is exposed too. For any social structure, the individuals expect that, a business that is being carried out should be beneficial to all the individuals involved and contributing to its success. This involves the laborers in the fields, the region and community in which a business is being conducted by a corporation. Therefore, for a good social structure, a corporate must consider the stakeholder and the labor interest to be interdependent (Cunningham&Cunningham 2004). Part of the social structure consideration is that a corporation should make profits that are based on the raw product and labor considerations. The raw material producer should not be given what they deserve. Some companies ensure that the raw material producer always has very little to benefit from. For example, the cement processing companies should consider the raw material value and give enough returns for the extraction of the raw material. The final product matters but if it was not for the raw material then, there would be no cement being produced. It is thus important that all the social aspects are put into consideration (Cunningham&Cunningham 2004). The labor department should also ensure that, there is no child labor in the company. The use of child labor is a form of exploitation and child abuse. More so, there should be fair wages given to the laborers of a company. The wages should match the type of work they do. Some companies undermine fair wages to their employees. This includes extra working hours under extremely tough conditions with very minimal wages provided to the employees. Some laborers even go the whole day without any allowance for food and water (Rauch 2012). It is thus vital that, considering the social structure, a company considers fair wages and also fair working hours. Providing facilities for health care of the community which is part of a business is vital and offering of education in relation to the products and their impacts is also important. For example, if the use of a certain brand of soap has side effects to the animals, then, there should be precautions on how to handle this type of soap and keep it away from pets kept at home. If all these practices are put into place, it is likely that a business will flourish with the customers and employees put into consideration hence, positive outcomes (Rauch 2012). Environmentally friendly Creation of value also entails considering practices that are sustainable in relation to the environment. The products that are produced by a company should ensure that there are minimal negative environment al impacts. Environmentally friendly and sustainable practices involve incorporating of minimal consumptions of energy resources. This should be carried out with the intention of conserving environmental resources. Better options of energy use like the use of renewable forms of energy should be encouraged (Ganesan 2012). Through this, a company involved in a business should be able to incorporate the reduction of waste

Writing Styles Issues Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words - 1

Writing Styles Issues - Essay Example Knowledge of the subject helps me bring out my points clearly, and I can state my facts well. The knowledge also helps me know whether my opinion relates to the topic or whether it is off topic. I have also learned that I can know more about the theme of discussion by reading on it prior to writing and taking notes. If I had read and understood well what Weiner discusses in his book, I would have chosen a more suitable topic. When writing my argumentative essay, I need to be more persuasive. My instructor noted in my E1FD essay that a few paragraphs needed to be clearer and more convincing. I learned that to be more persuasive, I must ensure my thesis has two sides to make it debatable. I will then go ahead to convince my readers why my stand is a better pick by disapproving the opposing argument. I can do this by finding the mistakes in logic in the opposite argument or by giving evidence to oppose. In writing a proper essay, I must ensure that my work has no plagiarism. In my E1FD essay, my instructor says I should introduce all quotations correctly and to quote correctly to avoid plagiarism. Quoting what Weiner says in his book without acknowledging it as his words makes my work plagiarized. I have learned that I can ensure there is no plagiarism of my work by having in-text citations. I also have to have a works-cited page with the correct format at the end of my work to help the reader understand where my in-text citations originate. I need to use a hanging indent on my works-cited.

Ip3 managing organizational change Research Paper

Ip3 managing organizational change - Research Paper Example be through team work in brainstorming and initiating new strategies and developing a plan that transforms the organization from current to preferred situation. Change agents i.e. firms executives should support the change process by offering transformative leadership, goal oriented approach to change, visionary leadership, interpersonal skills and good communication skills. According to Egan, he suggests that planning be at the forefront of any change so as to gain value and desired results thus the need for goal oriented planning. Organization executive may in the short term to build up the intended change, develop various mechanism to promote the change process among employees, such include creating short term wins to show change progress, communication of vision and mission statement and team building by creating cohesive, committed and productive work groups. Long term strategies involve process strategies such as quality circles, surveys and career training and structural strategies such as firm restructuring, management by objectives and job redesign. Organization change process is also determined by the resource mobilization capability of an organization; this can range from human resources, financial resources and physical resources. An organization should motivate the employees to derive the best output from their efforts; this can be through offering financial benefits and fringe benefits. Tools of performance are vital instruments to ensure progressive change process is within the firm. Executive should be at hand to ensure that all change components are committed to the change endeavor in order to realize maximum output from the

A Description of the Sumerian Society Essay Example for Free

A Description of the Sumerian Society Essay ?Sumerian society migrated into the Middle East and settled in the Mesopotamian area around 4000 B. C. E. , resulting in the settlement of that civilization. Sumerians contributed the city-states concept, created an essential writing system, strengthened their connection to their religion, and also recorded the world’s oldest story. The addition to Sumer’s city-states idea had a booming affect in their political structure. They were more organized than most political systems in other civilizations. With this, the Sumerian society was able to regulate religion and enforce laws in a better manner. Their concept later became a tradition of regional rule, basically creating an early bureaucracy for other societies to adopt and learn from. After several centuries of Sumer’s settlement, writing, the most significant invention in millennia’s, was introduced into Sumerian society. Although it was very sudden, the addition to such a revolutionary idea made their culture even more prosperous. Things led to another, and soon enough, the Sumerian society had an entire alphabet that was referred to as cuneiform, in the palm of their hands. They began to record their history and culture, later resulting in the world’s oldest story, the Epic of Gilgamesh and much more from their culture. Sumer’s introduction to cuneiform bloomed into an economical boost throughout their entire society. Their invention helped to promote trade and manufacturing. They were able to communicate much more flawlessly, leading to trades as far as India. Not only did it support the trading system, but it did wonders in recording much of Sumerian history. Sumer’s settlement meant many prosperous things. Their ideas and inventions of cuneiform, city-states, ziggurats, job specialization, etc. , led to great achievements that other civilizations adopted and duplicated.

The Traveling Salesman Problem Computer Science Essay

The Traveling Salesman Problem Computer Science Essay Travelling sales man problem is one of the challenging problems in the real life and also most well studied combinatorial optimization problem. Many Researches from different fields like operational research, algorithms design and including artificial intelligence attract by it. This problem has been studied by different researches and come up with different solutions and this problem has been solved by using different algorithms like Blind search, Branch and Bound Search , Heuristic algorithm and Genetic algorithms etc. the problem was formulated as a mathematical problem in 1930 and later it is used as bench mark for many optimal solution. 1.1 TRAVELING SALESMAN PROBLEM: A Travelling salesman has a task of visiting N number of cities. He will start from a home location and want to visit each city just once and return back to the original location from where he starts. Travelling salesman route will be plan in such a way that in a given N number of cities cost of travelling from one city to any other city what is the minimum round trip route that visit each city once and then return to the starting place. The goal is to find the shortest tour that visit each city in a given cities exactly ones and then return to the starting city. The only solution to the travelling salesman problem is to calculate and compare the length of all possible ordered combinations. 1.2 History of travelling salesman problem: The travelling salesman problem was treated by a Irish mathematician sir William Rowan Hamilton and British mathematician Thomas Penyngton kirkman in the early 1800s. Hamilton and kirkman work on game called Hamilton Icosian game that requires player to complete tours through 20 points using only the specified connections. The general form of the travelling salesman problem studied by mathematician Karl menger during 1930s. He defines the problem using brute force algorithms and observed nearest neighbour heuristic non optimality. Soon after the name travelling salesman problem introduced by hassler Whitney at princeton university. In the 1940s the Travelling salesman problem was studied by statisticians Mahalanobiss, Jessen, Gosh, Marks. Among them P.C .Mahalanobiss took a sample survey of acreage under jute in Bengal discussed aspects of travelling salesman solutions through randomly chosen locations in the Euclidean plane. And this work is deal with survey of form lands one of the major cost to carrying out the survey was the transport ion of men equipment from one survey point to next. During the period between 1950s and 1960 the problem becomes more popular in scientific group in Europe and USA. a number of solutions designed by George B.Dantzing, Fulkerson and Johnson(1954) . in 1954 Heller publi shed an 88 report which contains many basic solutions on the travelling salesman polytype. In 1957 L.L.Barachet published graphic solution of travelling salesman problem which describes an enumeration scheme for computing near optimal tours. In 1964 R.L Karg and G.L. Thompson were applied heuristic algorithm for a 57 city problem. During the period R.M Karp and M.Held published an article about the travelling salesman and minimum spanning tree which introduced one tree relaxation of the travelling salesman problem and using node weights to improve the bound given by optimal tree. In 1990s Bixby and Cook developed the programme for travelling salesman problem which are using recently. 2.0 GRAPH: 2.1 Travelling salesman problem modelled as graph: Travelling salesman problem can be modelled as Graph where as the cities are the graph vertices, path is graph edges and path distance is edge distance. Our goal is to find the shortest tour that visits each city in a given graph exactly ones and then return to the starting city. 3.0 Search Algorithms: To solve travelling salesman problem we can use different types of algorithms like blind search, heuristic algorithms, uniform cost search etc 3.1 Blind search: Blind search algorithms are such algorithms which does not contain domain knowledge of the problem and it search blindly, hence it is called blind search algorithm. The only thing a blind search can do is it describes a non goal state from goal state. Assume that you are at city A and you want to reach at city D, if we draw a search tree level 1: city E, city B, city C. a blind search will have no idea which node should explore first, hence it explore each and every node blindly. In blind search we may not get information we can use. We just be looking for an answer and we wonà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢t no until we found it. The blind search is also called as un informed search. Blind search is divided into two searches Algorithm they are 1) Breadth first search and 2) Depth first search 3.2 Breadth first search: Breadth first search is a search which starts at one node and it expands the all the neighbour node then after completing those nodes, it expands remaining nodes unexpanded it process is continues up to reaching a goal. The technique followed by breadth first search is FIFO first in first out) queue, the difference between breadth first and depth first search is, the depth first uses stack i.e. LIFO (last in first out). In this logic the items which are added is equal to the item which are deleted. This process continues up to reach a goal. 3.3 Depth first search: Depth first search is a general technique for traversing a graph. The technique which organise the to Do list was stack that is last in first out (LIFO). Depth first search start at one node and it explore as far as possible along each branch until a required goal node is found. Then it takes backtracking and return to the next node which it hasnà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢t finished exploring and it keep on repeat the same procedure until it reaches to its goal. If Depth first search goes down a infinite branch and if it does not find a goal state or if it does not find the solution may be a better solution at a higher level in tree. Therefore depth first search is neither complete nor optimal. ALGORITHM: INPUT : A connected graph G ,a starting vertex 1 OUTPUT: An ordered spannig tree T of graph G with root vertex 1 Initialize tree as vertex 1 Initialize S as the set of proper edges incident on vertex 1 While s not equal to null Let e = dfs next edge(G,S). Let w be the non tree end point of edge e. Add edge e and vertex w to tree T. Update Frontier(G,S). Return Tree T. 4.0 DEPTH FIRST SEARCH APPLY TO GRAPH STARTING AT NODE 1: For the above tree diagram we are using Depth first search, from the graph the sales man starts at node a and visits each node and return to original node Step1: from node 1 there is a three ways to travel i.e. node 2, node3 and node5 in level 2 Step2: by following depth first search condition LIFO it expands node 2 until the goal reach So for node 2 there is a two ways to travel i.e. node5 and node4 there is only one way for sales man to reach node 3 so this is not minimal path to travel. After expanding first branch sales man reaches node 3 from node 3 sales man reaches node4 With path length of 8 and from node 4 he reaches node2 with path length of 5 and from node 2 sales man reaches node5 with path length of 6 then length of whole sub tree is 27. After expanding of second branch sales man expands node 5, from node 5 sales man travels node 2 with path length of 6 then from node2 sales man reaches node 4 with path length of 5 From node 4 sales man reaches node 3 path length of 8.then length of whole sub tree is 26 Here we follow the condition that sales man will not visit those not which have already visited. the left vertices in the graph are chosen before right, from above to roots the minimum spanning tree path is 1-5-2-4-3 =26.this is the best minimum root for sales man to visit each city started at city1. 4.1 DEPTH FIRST SEARCH APPLYING TO THE GRAPH STARTING AT NODE 2: For the above tree diagram we are applying depth first search on which sales man starting at node 2. From starting city we have three ways to travel i.e. node 1, node4 and node5. From node 1 sales man has again to two ways to travel i.e. node3 and node5.from node 3 it reaches node 4. but here if we want to visit node5 we have to backtrack again it will not satisfy the condition visiting a city once so we didnà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢t reach goal here sales man expands neighbour node 4, from node 4 sales man reaches node 3 with path length of 8, then sales man processed to node 1with path length of 8, then sales man visits node 5 from node 1 with path length of 7. The length of whole sub tree is 2-4-3-1-5=28. After expanding node4 travel sales man moves to node 5, from node 5 he reaches node1 path length of 7,from node 1 sales man reaches node 3 the path length of 8 and he proceeds to node 4 from node 3 with path length of 8,then whole length of sub tree is 2-5-1-3-4=29. Here sales man follow the condition that visiting each city, then the the best minimum cost route starting at node 2 is 2-4-3-1-5=28. 5.0 INFORMED SEARCH: Informed search is an estimate availability of the distance (cost) from each node(city) to the goal. This estimation will help you to head into the correct direction. The outline of inform search are heuristic search, best first search, greedy search and A* search 5.1 Heuristic search: Heuristic uses domain specific knowledge to estimate the quality or potential of partial solution .A heuristic search that find a good solution in less time comparing to blind search but not always find best solution. This search is very much useful for solving big problem which may may not solved by using other search and this search generate a possible solution which can be either route from the initial location or goal in the problem. For travelling salesman problem the nearest neighbour heuristic work well, but some time due to the arrangement of cites it will not find the shortest route. 5.2 Best first search: Best first search is a general approach of the tree search algorithm. In which it expand a nodes which is based upon a evaluation function. The estimation of cost is constructed as evaluation function then the node with minimum evaluation is expanded first. A best search is a combination of both breadth first search and depth search, a breath first is good because it will not go deeper and the depth first search is best because it can be found without searching all the nodes, hence the best first search allows us to gain benefit both the approaches 5.3 Greedy search: Greedy search select the path that has lowest heuristic value or estimated distance to the goal. Greedy search is a example of best first strategy, and it some cases like depth breast search I may never find the solution and greedy search is not optimal solution take into costly paths . This can be happen in the last step or in the first step. 5.4 A* search: The most widely known form of best first search is called a* search or best first search is simplified as A*search. The evaluation of nodes is carried in A* search was combination of g(n) the cost reached and h(n) the cost get from the node to the goal f(n)=g(n)+h(n) Here f(n) estimate cost of cheapest solution through node n, A* search is both complete and optimal which is identical to uniform cost search. From the above equation: g(n) is the total length between starting place to current location. h(n) is estimated length from current location to goal. A heuristic function which estimate how much distance it takes to reach goal. f(n) is the sum of g(n) and h(n) .then this will be a current estimated shortest path which founds until a A* algorithm is completed. A* Algorithm: A* Algorithm starts with initial nodes then it will take the best node on open such that f(n)=g(n)+h(n) is minimum. If Best is a goal node quit then return to the path from the intial to best or remove the best from open and all among best node naming each node with its path from initial node. 6.0 A* Algorithm applying for given graph: from the above graph , it shows that the node 1 is the initial node where salesman starts and reaches the node 3 which is the current location . then sum of the distance between initial to current location is consider as g (n) ie 1-5-2-4-3= 26.then the estimated length from current location to the goal is consider as h(n) ie 8 and then total minimal distance of path is A*=1-5-2-4-3-1=34 Then this is the minimal path in which salesman can travel starting at node 1. 7.0 Comparison table for depth first search and A* algorithm Algorithm Domain knowledge Memory space Minimum route Time complexity efficient Depth first search It doesnà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢t contain domain knowledge more It find after complete search It takes more time less A* search It contain domain knowledge less It has information about it It takes less time more 8.0 CONCLUSION: The Idea of Travel sales man problem has much application in different fields .To Find best routes of travelling salesman we are used two algorithms they are Depth First search and A* Algorithm. Hence we conclude that A* algorithm is more efficient then depth first search algorithm, the time complexity of depth first is more comparing to A* search and it takes less memory space comparing to depth first search. Depth first search algorithm is more suitable finding minimum tour for limited number of cities, because if we take 50 to 100 cites depth first search expands each node of a tree to reach to the goal which is time consuming and memory waste.

Introduction To Development Psychology

Introduction To Development Psychology The following essay will Compare and contrast the information processing approach with the behaviourist approach to understanding childrens psychological development. Taking into account the historical development of Psychology. The essay will take into account how the two approaches differ and how the two theories were developed. Piagets and Miller are theorist of cognitive Development and information processing perspectives, these theorist have had a deep impact on understanding cognitive development. Skinner and Bandura are theorist of behaviour theorist each one has a different approach to how they see things. Information processing and cognitive development are of the same idea , cognitive psychology looks at each individual as processor of information, Like computers that record the information given and then store it the memory and then goes on to produce the output ( Mcleod,2008). Cognitive psychologist compares the human mind to a computer, stating that we are able to retrieve and store information given to us and then alter it by using mental programs (Mcleod, 2008). The Information processing theory also contains quantitative and qualitative development with qualitative development happening though a new line of attach for storing information and retrieval or gathering problem- solving rules (Miller, 2011).Expanding and being able to remember more items in the working memory are examples of quantitative changes. Qualitative and quantitative methods of defining information both work together to progress new ways in the processing system (Miller, 2011). Jean Piagets (2002) was as being the most influential theorist of child development his studies began by observing his own children when they were infants and how they unravelled problems that Piagets had put in front of them. Piagets later went on to study other children by using a clinical method of how children would solve and remember different things raging from rules, games to the laws of physics. From observation made, Piagets devised his cognitive developmental theory of intellectual growth. Piagets sees children as active agents in their own developments, always building their Knowledge and altering their cognitive structure to be able to understand what goes on in the world (Shaffer, 2002). Piagets cognitive development has continued to be very popular because of its extensiveness and a worthwhile tool for thought and research. Critics may have interpreted his viewpoints to rigidly (Flanagan 1996) Further research was done by George Miller(1956) on information processing and cognitive psychology. He provided two theoretical ideas of which was chunking which is the capacity for the short term working memory. Miller (1956) stated that the short term memory could only hold Five to Nine chunks of information. The second theoretical idea was information processing by using a human computer model (Miller 1920). Behaviourism works on the foundations of stimulus response which is behaviour caused by external stimuli. Watson (1913) states that you are born with a blank slate Tabula Rosa he claims that children have no inborn tendencies; he believes how you turn out depends on your up brining and how you are treated as a child. Watson went out to demonstrate that fear and other emotions are acquired and not inborn. The demonstration of classical conditioning that Watson and Rosalie Raynor (1920) did was that of a rat to a nine month old named Albert, the reaction of Albert was positive and he played with the rat as he had done with the dog and rabbit previously. however the next time Little Albert went to play with the rat Watson tried to get the response of fear from Little Albert when he touched the rat, Watson would do this by standing behind him and bang a steel rod with a hammer and to see what reaction he got from Albert as the child started to associate the loud banging whilst playing wi th the rat, the reaction was that Little Albert did became fearful of the rat and this proved that fear is learned (Shaffer, 2002). Another example of classical condition is that of a Russian physiologist Ivan Pavlov whilst studying the saliva of dog he discovered a phenomenon that he labelled psychic reflexes. And the experiment then became called Pavlovs dogs were. The dogs were in a chamber he recognised that if he paired the meat powder with a stimulus like the noise of a ringing bell the dogs would react and that would produce the dogs salivation. Pavlov has shown that stimulus-response. (Learning-theories.com 2012). Burrhus Fredrick Skinner( 1904-90) theory was related to behaviour he was well known and had the most effect in his area of psychology. Operant conditioning differs from classical conditioning for the reason that children learn from their environment. Research was done by using animals and children; he stated that it can be possible to shape both animals and childrens behaviour by using reinforcement for example the naughty step or a star chart , Parents still apply reinforcement by praising a child when he or she has been good or punishing them if they have missed behaved (Slater and Bremner 2003). Albert Bandura (1925) studied different behaviours in further detail. His behaviourism was less machine-like than skinners theory. He did not only concentrate on observing behaviour he also studied what processes went on in the mind. His approach at first was named sociobehaviorism, then social cognitive theory and in the end social learning theory (Slater and Bremner 2003). In the 1960s Bandura conducted a sequence of experiments on childrens aggression. How this was achieved was putting a small group of children in front of the TV to observe a film of an adult playing with various different toys one of which was an inflatable Bobo doll. The group watched the film and what they saw was the adult aggressively hitting the doll with a hammer. When the children were left alone to play with some toys and their own Bobo doll he observed them being aggressive towards the doll mimicking what they seen on the screen. Bandura (1925) believed that children learnt from what they have observed ( Slater and Bremner 2003). Bandura (1977,1986,1992) agrees with Skinner that operant conditioning is a vital form of learning more so for animals. In spite of this Bandura emphasises that humans are cognitive beings- who actively access, store and retrieve information processing (Shaffer 2002) By comparing and contrasting the two approaches, information processing and behaviourism, there are some differences in the way we learn and understand. Behaviourism, acts on stimulation, whereas cognitive and information processing uses mental processes to formulate ideas. The view of the learning process for a behaviorist is change in behavior, while a cognitivist views internal mental process including insight, information processing, memory and perception. The focus of learning for behaviorists is the stimuli in external environments, whereas cognitivists have internal cognitive structuring. (Buchanan, K 1997). Behaviorism and Cognitivism are two theorys in psychology that have an effect on learning and education. Behaviorism is the study of behavior for the purpose of identifying its factors. Behaviorism employs mechanism as a fundamental metaphor, which assumes that behavior is ruled by a set of physical laws. Cognitivism was a reaction to Behaviorism. It is the study of mental processes through the scientific method and abstractions from behavior. Cognitivism employs mechanism and information processing as the principle metaphors for interpreting findings ( Atkisson, 2010). The theorist differs particularly in their views on behavior. The study on behaviorism was done on animals, which views behavior as a complex consequence of environmental stimuli, whereas Cognitivism, whose research subjects are often humans, sees behavior as a point from which to abstract the mental processes behind the behavior. ( Atkisson, 2010). Cognitivism and Behaviorism are similar in significant ways. They both use mechanism as a fundamental assumption. Cognitivism goes further than behaviorism in that it extends the mechanical assumptions to the mind, not just behavior. But nonetheless both theorys view human action, mental or otherwise, as determined by physical laws. ( Atkisson, 2010). In conclusion this essay has compared and contrasted the information processing approach with the behaviourist approach to understanding childrens psychological development. It has taken into account the historical development of Psychology. It has explored the theories of Piaget, Miller, Watson, Skinner, and Bandura and related the quantitative and qualitative. It is pertinent to say that although both theorist have their place the behaviourist dates back to 1913 when Watson stated that you are born with a blank slate Tabula Rosa Since this time cognitive research has developed and shows that as well as behaviourist views remains. There is proof that even in behaviour cognitive and information processing is needed to make informed decisions about right and wrong.

A Review Of Ralph Elisons Invisible Man :: Ralph Ellison, Invisible Man

Ralph Ellison was born in Oklahoma. From 1933 to 1936 he was educated as a musician at Tuskegee Institute. During that time he traveled to New York and visited Richard Wright, which led him to the first attempts to write fiction. Since that time he became a well-known critic; his articles, reviews and short stories have been published in many national magazines. He won the National Book Award and the Russwurn Award for the Invisible Man. He has taught in many universities such as Bard College (1961), University of Chicago, Rutgers University (1962-1964), and New York University (1970-1980.) He lectured at Library of Congress and University of California. Also he is an author of the Shadow and Act. Reading through the book one can realize that the title of the Ralph Ellison's Invisible Man refers to the personality and insignificance of the main character. It is a realization of what Invisible Man had been all along during his life. He had been nobody. He was only useful to the people around him to the extent that he was able to do what he was ordered. The Brotherhood didn't care for him as an individual, he was only noticed when he was needed. The Invisible Man mistakenly led himself to believe that it is possible to find meaning in his life by believing in Brotherhood's ideology. "The Hero's invisibility is not the matter of being seen, but a refusal to run the risk of his own humanity, which involves guilt. He must assert and achieve his own humanity." "I am an invisible man. No, I am not a spook like those who haunted Edgar Allan Poe†¦. I am invisible, understand, simply because people refuse to see me." In the opening scene of The Invisible Man tells the reader about his physical state, which directly refers to his personality and psychological state as well. He explains to the reader his character, his skepticism toward the world that surrounds him. As a narrator of the book he sets the stage for the following chapters, which describe his life. "And so it is with me. Without light I am not only invisible, but formless as well; and to be unaware of one's form is to live a death. I myself, after existing some twenty years, did not become alive until I discovered I my invisibility." An unfullfilled dream of importance and finding meaning of life can leave a person with a sense of being invisible.

Farmland Preservation :: Farming Agriculture Conservation Essays

Farmland Preservation Farmland Preservation is something that every person in New Jersey should be aware of. Our Garden State is quickly becoming too populated to hold such a title anymore. As more and more farms disappear, we are losing the precious land and culture, which initially made so many people decide to make New Jersey home. Everyone seems to want to move to the country and away from the city, but soon New Jersey may no longer have the attractive countryside landscape it was once so well known for. The people of New Jersey need to be made aware of what is happening to the landscape and need to realize what their individual impact is on that landscape. The Farmland Preservation Program was officially established with the Agricultural Retention Act of 1983 and the Right to Farm Act of 1983 (1). The program is administered by the State Agricultural Development Committee (SADC), which consists of eleven members all representing the state and general public’s interests on several levels including, agriculture and the environment (1). The main objective of the program is to try and protect farmland from development, whether it is a short time or long time effect. The program buys the development rights from the farmers so as to try and ease the pressure put on them from developers to sell the land entirely to be broken up and developed. Farmland in general has so many benefits for both the farmer and the general public to consider. It is part of our culture here in New Jersey, in fact 75% of the US public agrees that, â€Å"Protecting the environment is so important that requirements and standards cannot be too high† (4). Now, that is a lot of people who are in agreement but now maybe they need to be made aware what they can do to help and what it takes to agree with that statement and mean it. Farms contribute in a big way to the American Dream and the quality of life people assume when they say they want to â€Å" move out the country†.

Potential For Water Supply Essay

According to the International Water Management Institute environmental research organisation global water stress is increasing, and a third of all people face some sort of water scarcity. Where demand exceeds supply and no effective management operates, there will be conflicts between the various players involved. In addition, global climate change will exacerbate these challenges faced by countries and populations. Shifting precipitation patterns threaten to reduce water availability in some regions while inflicting stronger storms on others, increasing both potential droughts and floods. This may increase the frequency of more serious conflicts and result in ‘water wars’. Meeting the world’s growing water needs will require far more effective use of available resources. By combining appropriate technology, strategic management and involving all the players water conflicts can be avoided. The Nile river exemplifies an International dispute with the source of the conflict being the water supply. Egypt who have a historical right to The Nile are highly dependent on its waters, which are required for agricultural purposes with the waters being a necessity to irrigate the arable land. Many countries in the Nile basin depend heavily on the Nile, with Egypt depending on the Nile for 97% of its renewable water resource. Consequently, The Nile is essential to the food and water security in all of the countries that lie within the Nile river basin. With so many countries being reliant on one single water source it is no surprise that this water supply has increased tensions in the area and that there is a huge potential for it to cause conflict. Ethiopia’s tributaries supply roughly 86% of the Nile however as a result of the Entebbe Agreement Ethiopia and other upstream countries have begun to divert water for new dam projects that would provide hydro-electric power and irrigation networks. These developments upstream have led to threats from Egypt, who are extremely protective over their decreasing share of the Niles water supply. However in order to secure their  supply they must engage in peaceful negotiations as violence would only jeapordise their share of the supply. Thus the potential for water conflict is there as tensions continue to increase between upstream and downstream nations, and perhaps overtime as the downstream nations share of the supply is further squeezed, these tensions are likely to result in conflict. Conflict can also occur within a country, for example the states situated within the Colorado river basin have been constantly squabbling over who owns the water supply and who should be allocated the most water. In the 1920s the ‘Law of the River’ established the division of water amongst the upper basin states, it also defined their responsibility to supply water to the lower basin states. This division had been based on an estimated annual flow of 21 billion m3/yr in 1920, however this was a time of above normal flows, recent studies have indicated that long term average flows are around 18 billion m3/yr. The deficit between the flow and the allocation has become more apparent as the population in the clorado basin states continues to rise. As a result of this deficit tensions are rising between the states, California receives a large percentage of the water as a result of its large population and political power even though the river does not directly flow through it. This has heightened tensions with the states who are experiencing severe water shortages who actually have a grater claim to the river than California. Although the city dwellers may be losing out as they are having to share their water with other states, farmers are profiting as they claimed the land first and thus the majority of water, 80%, lies with them. The Colorado river has not only caused internal disputes but also international disputes, causing there to be the potential for conflict with Mexico. The reason being that the Colorado river is that the basin states are so dependent on the water that the river supplies that it no longer reaches the sea, 90% of the water has been extracted before it reaches Mexico. The delta has decreased in size as a result of the extraction and the large dams put in place along the river such as the Hoover Dam. This did increase political tensions between the two nations and there was a strong potential for the supply of the Colorado river to become a source of  Conflict between the two countries, however in 2012 an amendment was made to the ‘Law of the River’ entitled ‘Minute 319’ which gave Mexico a grater allocation of the water supply. This is an example of how there can be a potential for conflict yet an agreement can be reached to prevent it. Nonetheless there is still a potential for new disputes among the Colorado river, this is less likely to occur internationally on the US-Mexico border as a result of the recent amendment, however at the artificial border drawn at Lees Ferry, between the upper and lower basin states. Aside from the strain put on the supply by a growing population, the upper basin has a small surplus that it is using to develop its economy. However at the same time water shortages in the lower basin could limit the potential for economic growth in the lower basin and thus their remains a potential for the water supply to cause conflict in the future.

The Impact Of Recruitment Commerce Essay

Harmonizing to Sheila M. Rioux, Ph.D. , and Paul Bernthal, Ph.D. , Recruitment & A ; Selection Practices Survey Report ( 1999 ) , enlisting is the procedure of placing and pulling possible campaigners from within and outside an organisation to get down measuring them for future employment. Once campaigners are identified, an organisation can get down the choice procedure. This includes collection, measurement, and measuring information about campaigners ‘ makings for specified places. Organizations use these procedures to increase the likeliness of engaging persons who possess the right accomplishments and abilities to be successful at their occupations. Nowadays employees are treated as human capital and they are considered as nucleus competence of organisation ‘s public presentation and drive factor behind the success. Recruitment is a uninterrupted procedure because of staff going, alterations in concern demand ; alterations in concern location and publicity. There are two sorts of enlisting channels ie Internal enlisting and external enlisting. There are so many altering tendencies in the industry to provide to the demands of the clients. Recruitment is a really ambitious occupation due to altering concern scenarios. There are batch of things involved in enrolling a campaigner affecting mapping the demands, strategizing the manner of enlisting and staffing, analysing the campaigner ‘s CV and understanding the occupation fitment standards of the profile. The bets and the hazard engagement are really high depending on the criticalness of the occupation nature and the patronage. So, it is really of import to take right manner of enlisting through known internal beginning or through an external beginning with thorough cognition of the industry who understand the earnestness of the occupation nature. Problem Statement Recruitment is a map that requires concern position, expertness, ability to happen and fit the best possible campaigner for the organisation, diplomatic negotiations, selling accomplishments ( as to sell the place to the campaigner ) and wisdom to aline the enlisting processes for the benefit of the organisation. The HR professionals – managing the enlisting map of the organisation – are invariably confronting newA challenges in Recruitment. The biggestA HR challenge in RecruitmentA for such professionals is to beginning or enroll the best people or possible campaigner for the organisation. In the last few old ages, the occupation market has undergone some cardinal alterations in footings of engineerings, A beginnings of enlisting, competition in the market etc. In an already concentrated occupation market, where the patterns like poaching and busting are deriving impulse. HR professionals are invariably confronting new challenges in one of their most of import function-recruitment. They have to face and conquer assorted challenges to happen the best campaigners for their organisation. The manners of enlisting is through external and internal channels, but these have its ain set of disadvantages, which is taking to major human resource challenges like reduced productiveness, high abrasion, absenteeism, and deficiency of motive. Internal enlisting besides has some drawbacks. The major disadvantage is that it reduces theA innovationA andA creativeA ideasA in the organisation. External enlisting is a cost and clip consuming activity due to drawn-out enlisting, choice, and assignment in nature. There can be trouble in measuring the suitableness of the campaigners. New employees recruited outside the range of organisation return clip for orientation and adjusting to the organisational civilization. InternalA recruitmentA besides consequences in the colored behaviour of the direction and fondness. Lack of originative and fresh thoughts from the occupation market can non be hired. There can be perturbation in the working environment due to recruitment or rejection of one ‘s referred campaigners. So, there is a clear demand to happen out what is the impact of enlisting and choice pattern of campaigners on company ‘s public presentation in these two manners and to happen out which is effectual and efficient manner of enlisting in footings of public presentation of the recruited campaigners and company ‘s public presentation due to the chose manner of enlisting. Purpose of the survey The intent of the survey is to measure what is the impact of enlisting and choice pattern of campaigners on company ‘s public presentation sing manners of enlisting Internet Explorer internal and external. How the company ‘s are impacted due to take manner of enlisting and how employee ‘s perform depending on the enlisting channel. Aims To measure the current enlisting and choice patterns of companies under survey To analyze the causes for the make up one's minding a peculiar enlisting and choice procedure To measure the impact of enlisting and choice pattern on public presentation of the companies Research Questions What are the current enlisting and choice patterns followed by the companies? What are the factors finding the pick of a enlisting procedure? How enlisting and choice procedure aid in effectivity of the company ‘s public presentation? Scope And Restrictions The research worker ‘s focal point is merely on appraisal on the impact of enlisting and choice patterns impact on company ‘s public presentation. This does non cover other factors like wagess, acknowledgment, calling patterned advance, growing, motive, occupation satisfaction, attitude, and perceptual experience of the employees, squad edifice, and single behaviour that contributes to the public presentation of the company. CHAPTER-2 LITERATURE REVIEW There is batch of information available about the best enlisting patterns and its impacts, current and future tendencies. The traditional enlisting patterns are sidelined and new methods like e-recruitment, occupation portal, outsourcing, and temping have significantly changed the enlisting patterns. The challenges, chances, and new patterns have been the countries of focal point in major articles, diaries, and white documents in human resource functional units. Numerous studies and analysis are published by many bookmans. Human resource staffing advisers like Ma Foi advisers and others have published many articles based on the study conducted time-to-time to analyse the industry and extent of prosperity of the enlisting patterns. 2.1. Conceptual Reappraisal: Harmonizing to Binod Kumar Sinha, 2009, Recruitment is a procedure of happening and pulling possible campaigners for the occupation available. Recruitment is a set of activities an organisation uses to pull occupation campaigners who have the abilities and attitude needed to assist the organisation accomplish its aims. There are three phases of recruitment process-identify and specify the enlisting, pull possible employees, select and employ appropriate people from occupation appliers. Recruitment is a uninterrupted procedure because of staff going, alterations in concern demand ; alterations in concern location and publicity. There are two sorts of enlisting i.e. internal enlisting and external enlisting. Recruitment and Selection plays cardinal function in the development of an organisation. 1Binod Kumar Sinha, ( 2009 ) , Trends and issues in enlisting and choice, a critical analysis This is one of the of import HR constituents in developing Indian Economy, which is turning at the rapid pace.A Today ‘s, where demand of qualified and experient people is high, the white collar wages are increasing, every twenty-four hours one MNC is adding presence in Indian market, the pool of experient professionals are smaller than it big population of our state, abrasion rate is rather high runing from 20-60 % , HR professionals are fighting to pull good employees despite ferocious competition. Therefore the Trends and Issues in enlisting and choice is has taken paradigm displacement. Employment has undergone a transformational alteration in most sectors particularly in banking, finance, retail, pharmaceutical, and insurance. Identify current organisational patterns to enroll and choose employees Determine the effectual enlisting and choice patterns Determine how the enlisting and choice patterns impact organisational results. Strategize enlisting procedure Current and future modified enlisting and choice patterns. Feasibility of outsourcing enlisting and choice procedure. Barriers for executing of effectual enlisting and choice scheme. The enlisting and choice procedure needs acute and thorough appraisal for its execution successfully. Harmonizing to Public Service Commission ‘s â€Å" A Toolkit on Recruitment & A ; Selection † ( 2008 ) , discoursing about the direction of the enlisting and choice procedure, a thorough step-by-step direction are provided. Enhancement of direction of enlisting and choice, analysis, and strategizing the executing is really ambitious. Recruitment and choice is a line direction duty. It is the duty of line directors to guarantee that stations are filled and to obtain the aid of departmental HR Components in this respect. Line directors are besides responsible for the overall direction of the enlisting and choice procedure. They should guarantee that all relevant activities, whether handled by themselves or by their HR constituents, are managed efficaciously and expeditiously within sensible clip frames. To make this, a clear limit of undertakings and duties is necessary, s o that line directors are in control of the full procedure and are in a place to inquiry activities if sensible clip frames are exceeded. Each enlisting and choice stage should be finalized before traveling on to the following stage. Recruitment and choice consists of different stages ( advertisement, showing, shortlisting etc ) which are integrated with, and follow one another in a specific order. This implies that each stage has to be finalized before the following stage commences. Each of these stages represents a choice procedure. Applicants who are eliminated are out of the procedure. Nothing prohibits sections, hence, to inform these appliers consequently and to see to it that all relevant certification is placed on record straight off. Departments hence do non hold to wait for the whole procedure to be finalized before informing unsuccessful appliers consequently. This will besides distribute the administrative load attached to each stage over clip. The result of the showing procedure needs to be submitted for the blessing of the put to deathing authorization or his or her delegate. There are therefore obvious benefits to be derived from finalising stages while traveling on to the subsequent stages. Reasonable clip frames should be allocated to the executing of each stage. Since the filling of a station has major cost deductions ( besides hidden costs ) , it is indispensable that this be undertaken in the shortest possible clip. Reasonable clip frames. Important Points of Departure should hence be allocated to the assorted stages, taking into history the type and figure of activities that have to be executed in regard of each stage. These clip frames should be known to all role-players involved and adhered to every bit far as possible. The HR Component should supervise and describe any divergences from policies and processs non decently sanctioned to the caput of section via sanctioned channels of communicating, with a position to proactive damages. Harmonizing to University of Sunderland ‘s Recruitment Handbook, 2009 set uping whether enlisting is the lone available solution or handiness of other options like deployment from other units of verticals of the procedure along with the options of naming a undertaking adviser restricted to the range and continuance of the undertaking can besides be considered, if the undertaking required to be completed is seasonably. This procedure should get down every bit early as possible ( e.g. every bit shortly as a surrender is received, a occupation move agreed or the demand for a new undertaking to be completed is identified ) . Suitable options to recruitment should be considered and Human Resources can supply elaborate advice and counsel on a figure of possible options, including reorganising work distribution, increasing an bing employee ‘s duties, redesigning or automatizing occupation undertakings, reconstituting within the related country or section, reexamining the current on the job agreements of the station to see portion clip or occupation portion as appropriate options. Possibilities of secondment chances or utilizing a contractor/agency impermanent staff for short-run assignments should besides be considered. In instances of short-run assignments of less than three months continuance, where it may non be deemed appropriate to follow the full Recruitment and Selection Procedure, the advice of Human Resources should be sought as to the most appropriate cost-efficient method of run intoing short-run demands. It is possible to enroll to a suited ‘pool ‘ of campaigners in countries where there is an ongoing demand to make full vacant stations at ‘short notice ‘ . For illustration, this may include Academic Tutor assignments where they may be called upon to learn to cover unexpected absences. However, all campaigners who are appointed to a ‘pool ‘ must hold been selected in conformity with this Procedure. After taking to enroll so a occupation analysis should be done to put outlooks on the desired profile and on the campaigner. Consideration should be given to precisely why the occupation exists and what the occupation entails. This will affect transporting o ut an analysis of the current occupation and the context in which the occupation is done. This may affect placing the intent of the occupation within the related country or section, placing the cardinal undertakings, responsibilities and degree of duties of the occupation, discoursing the function with the current occupation holder or line director, analyzing the related country or section to place possible minor internal accommodations. The Key Recruiter is responsible for outlining the information to be included in the farther specifics, which are made available to appliers for a station. The farther specifics must include: The occupation description: this describes the station itself, its duties and responsibilities, and its scene in the section. For appropriate stations, the generic function descriptions will besides be included with the occupation description. The individual specification: this describes the individual who is required to make full the station – experience, instruction and preparation, cognition, accomplishments and properties. These should be rated as indispensable or desirable. These must be used as a footing for shortlisting and questioning so that it can be demonstrated that choice has been undertaken utilizing mensurable, nonsubjective and justifiable standards. Careful consideration should be given to how each facet will be assessed. Proper occupation analysis should be done on the undermentioned functions and duties, -Job Title ; – Coverage Line ; – Class ; ( Human Resources will delegate an appropriate class to all new functions ) – Working Hours ; – Faculty / Service ; – Location ; – Main Purpose of the function ; – Key Accountabilities ; – Particular Fortunes attached to the occupation, such as shift-working or that condemnable record checking is required. Harmonizing to Public Service Commission, discoursing about of import enlisting and choice activities they have mentioned that, advertizement plays a major function in increasing the possibility of the acquiring right campaigners. The purpose of an advertizement is to make the broadest possible pool of campaigners within a specifically targeted sphere. For illustration, there is no sense in publicizing a station to people who do non hold the cognition, accomplishments and competences to execute the occupation. Naturally, this does non use to entry-level or trainee stations and attention must be taken that the rule of free competition is non compromised. It is hence critical that an advertisement clearly sets out what the demands are that have to be met by appliers. This will enable them to make self-selection where they can compare their campaigning to what is required. Further to this, it will help in cut downing the figure of non-qualifying applications. The content of advertizemen ts finally represents the choice standards applicable to the filling of the station. It hence stands to ground that the better the attempt that goes into the content of the advertizement, the easier subsequent procedures will be and the better the quality of the result. The aforesaid, nevertheless, require sections to use their heads to the full to the preparation of advertizements. An advertizement is non an object on its ain, but is a tool to fulfill an aim at a much higher degree, i.e. at a strategic HR planning degree, where thorough consideration has to be given to the demand for cognition obtained by agencies of third instruction and/or accomplishments and competences obtained in pattern. This implies that a section has to use its head to what is required on individual specification degree before it compiles an advertizement. This will guarantee that the advertizement will let for flexibleness during the enlisting and choice procedure. In pattern this is frequently non done and sections merely realize, whilst busy with the choice procedure, that they would desire to choose for a campaigner that does non possess, for illustration, the type of third makings advertised, but who has acquired the really accomplishments and competency required through other agencies. In order to name such a campaigner, they have to relinquish the making demand at this really late phase. This is non desirable, since it compromises the handiness to such stations by other campaigners who did non use on the footing of the specific making demands set in the advertizement. Harmonizing to University of Sunderland the options of assorted advertisement channels can be considered to print the vacancy Options may include one or more of the followers: – – Reviewing whether the vacancy provides a suited redisposition chance for an bing member of staff ; – Weekly internal advertisement on the company ‘s intranet and staff vacancy bulletin – Internet advertisement – including specialist web sites ; – External advertisement in appropriate imperativeness or trade diaries ; – Sending out appropriate information to specific groups of possible appliers where specializer accomplishments may be required ; – Briefing enlisting bureaus or executive hunt organisations on preferred provider list as necessary ; – Reviewing ‘speculative ‘ applications or campaigners that have late been interviewed, and considered appoint able, for similar stations ; – Participating in regional enlisting carnivals and set uping ‘open yearss ‘ for possible campaigners ; – Deciding whether to publish application battalions to campaigners and what information would be appropriate for inclusion in the application battalion. Harmonizing to the University of Sunderland, 2009, the composing of the Selection Panel should be determined every bit shortly as possible, and surely before the choice standards are agreed. Once the rank of the Panel has been determined, it should, if at all possible, run into to be after the whole enlisting and choice procedure. Where this can non be arranged, the Key Recruiter should discourse each issue with as many Panel members as possible. There are some basic rules which Selection Panels should take history of like no enlisting and choice should be undertaken by merely one person. Wherever possible, Departments should place a nucleus squad of people who can help in all their enlisting and choice exercisings to increase expertness and guarantee consistence and continuity. It is indispensable that at least one member of every choice panel, ideally the Key Recruiter, will hold successfully completed the company ‘s preparation class on enlisting and choice. If it is non possible to set up a panel where at least one individual has had the relevant preparation, a petition should be made for a member of staff from the Human Resources Department to fall in the panel. Wherever possible, the full Selection Panel should follow the enlisting and choice procedure from start to complete. If non, a lower limit of two members, including the Key Recruiter, should be involved at every phase, and the positions of other members sou ght as appropriate. Panel members must non discourse affairs related to the occupation vacancy in private with existent or prospective campaigners, either internal or external. If a member of a Selection Panel knows one or more of the campaigners, they should declare this to the other panel members every bit early as possible in the choice procedure Choice Panels should take to hold a diverseness of positions and backgrounds represented on the panel, and to be suitably diverse to reasonably judge the campaigners being interviewed. The purpose is to guarantee that no campaigner feels disadvantaged by the makeup of the Panel and the maximal comprehensiveness of experience is represented on the Panel. If it is hard to happen this diverseness within a section, a member of a related section or the Human Resources Department could be invited to fall in the Panel. Large Selection Panels should be avoided wheresoever possible as they may be intimidating for campaigners, and can be counterproductive as they may ensue in superficial inquiring and less than strict examination at interview. Shortlisting must be based on the information provided by the campaigner in the application signifier, CV, statement and any other stuff provided, and personal cognition of any campaigner should non be used to make full in any spreads in the application. Recruiters should take attention non to do premises about information presented in the applications, e.g. on the footing of age, gender or ethnicity, as this could take to prejudiced determinations. Campaigners with makings above the lower limit stated as indispensable should non be either penalized or advantaged in the procedure. All applications should be assessed foremost against the indispensable standards in the Employee Specification and merely appliers who meet all of the indispensable standards should be considered for interview. Use the desirable standards when there are more campaigners who meet the indispensable standards than can be interviewed. New standards must non be introduced at the shortlisting phase. It is the dut y of the Key Recruiter to set up the interviews, and guarantee that they are well-prepared, structured and focussed, and conducted in such a manner that all campaigners feel they have had a just hearing. It is good pattern to interview no more than five or six campaigners, and usually all the interviews should be held on the same twenty-four hours. If this is non possible, the clip between them should be minimized and the same panel should interview on each juncture. After the appraisal, the Recruitment Panel members should reexamine campaigners ‘ public presentations during the choice procedure and make their determination based on the grounds gathered. The determination should be reached consistently and objectively, on the footing of grounds obtained throughout the choice procedure, without doing premises or pigeonholing. Keeping all the information in context and non concentrating merely on one or two issues the determinations must be taken. Choice determinations recorded on the Interview/Assessment Report Form must be just and nonsubjective, based on the demands of the occupation, as specified in the Role Profile. After choice, compensation can be discussed. A determination to do an offer may be made at this phase. If there are several suited campaigners, it may be appropriate to â€Å" keep † instead than reject these until the result of the offer to the most suited campaigner is known. All unsuccessful campaigners should be notified of the result suitably and are provided with feedback, if requested, by the Chair of the Recruitment Panel. If ability trials or personality questionnaires are used, feedback on these should ever be offered to all campaigners by a appropriately qualified Adviser or Administrator within Human Resources. Before finding appropriate salary bundle and compensation, human resources must be consulted to supply elaborate counsel and advice on finding appropriate offer salary degrees within the class. When make up one's minding upon an appropriate wage to be offered, consideration will usually be given to the following nonsubjective standards, The degree, comprehensiveness, deepness and complexness of the person ‘s cognition and apprehension of different facets of the occupation and, as appropriate, adept, professional and theoretical cognition. The degree and comprehensiveness of bing relevant accomplishments Qualifications and length of relevant experience of the successful campaigner Current wage and pecuniary benefits ( e.g. fillip ) of successful campaigner Comparative wages of bing employees in similar roles/grades within the unit, section, and appellation Equal wage rules that all staff should have equal wage for the same or loosely similar work, for work rated as equivalent and for work of equal value. As a last measure of enlisting and choice process rating and cardinal public presentation indexs ( KPI ) must be drafted. Human Resources will endeavour to supervise and measure the effectivity of the enlisting and Selection Procedure and may utilize the undermentioned cardinal public presentation Indexs: a. Agreed Time-scales A time-scale for the process will be agreed during Stage 2 of the procedure and attachment to this will be used as a step of rating by Human Resources. B. Unfilled Vacancies The % of vacancies unfilled for more than 90 yearss will be capable to scrutiny and probe by Human Resources on a regular footing. c. Feedback Any feedback received, during or after the procedure, from the Faculty/Service, Recruitment Panel Chairperson or internal/external campaigners will be used, wherever possible, to measure the effectivity of the procedure. d. Statistical Analysis Where operable, statistical analysis of the procedure will take topographic point and be reported upon by Human Resources on a regular footing. This may include cost-effectiveness analysis of enlisting procedure, effectivity of enlisting advertisement, statistical proof of assessment methods, and equal chances monitoring. The effectual and efficient direction of the assorted enlisting and choice activities is dependent on all role-players holding a holistic position of what the procedure entails on the following page ) . They should hold a thorough appreciation of what the different activities are, what the mutualities between these activities are and what the role-players ‘ duties entail. The full enlisting procedure can be divided into six distinguishable stages, get downing off with occupation rating and stoping up with the concluding choice of the most successful campaigner ( s ) . Each stage consists of a figure of activities that have to be executed before role-players can get down with the following stage. 2.2. Contextual Reappraisal: RecruitmentA is of the most important functions of the human resource professionals. The degree of public presentation of and organisation depends on the effectivity of its enlisting map. Organizations have developed and followA enlisting strategiesA to engage the best endowment for their organisation and to use their resources optimally. A successful enlisting strategyA should be good planned and practical to pull more and good endowment to use in the organisation. Recruitment is distinguishable from employment and choice, one time the needed figure and sort of human resources are determined, the direction has to happen the topographic points where required human resources are or will be available and besides find the agencies of pulling them towards the organisation before choosing suited campaigners for occupations. All this procedure is by and large known as enlisting. Some people use the term enlisting for employment. These two are non one and the same. Recruitment is merely one of the stairss in the full employment procedure. Some others use the term enlisting for choice. These two footings are non one and the same either. Technically talking the map of enlisting precedes the choice map and it includes merely determination, developing the beginnings of prospective employees and pulling them to use for occupations in an organisation, whereas the choice is the procedure of happening out the most suited campaigner to the occupation out of the campaigners attracted. Formal definition of enlisting would give clear cut thought about the map of enlisting. Recruitment is defined as, a procedure to detect the beginnings of work force to run into the demands of the staffing agenda and to use effectual steps for pulling that work force in equal Numberss to ease effectual choice of an efficient work force. Those definitions can be analyzed by discoursing the procedures of enlisting through systems attack. Aims of Recruitment To pull people with multi-dimensional accomplishments and experiences that suits the present and future organisational schemes. To invest foreigners with a new position to take the company. hypertext transfer protocol: //recruitment.naukrihub.com/recruitment-process.html accessed on September 2010 To inculcate fresh blood at all degrees of the organisation. To develop an organisational civilization that attracts competent people to the company. To seek or head Hunt people whose accomplishments fit the company values. To invent methodological analysiss for measuring psychological traits. To seek out non-conventional development evidences of endowment. To seek for endowment globally and non merely within the company. To plan entry wage that competes on quality but non on quantum. To expect and happen people for places that does non be yet. Sub-systems of Recruitment The enlisting consists of the undermentioned sub-functions, Finding out and developing the beginnings where the needed figure and sort of employees will be available. Developing suited techniques to pull the desirable campaigners. Using the techniques to pull campaigners. Stimulating as many campaigners as possible and inquiring them to use for occupations irrespective of figure of campaigners required. Management has to pull more campaigners in order to increase choice ratio ( i.e. figure of applications per one occupation vacancy ) in order to choose the most suited campaigners out of the entire campaigners. Recruitment is positive as it aims at increasing the figure of appliers and choice is slightly negative as it selects the suited campaigners in which procedure the unsuitable are automatically eliminated. Though, the map of enlisting seems to be easy, a figure of factors make public presentation of enlisting a complex one. Complexity of the Function of Recruitment Performing the map of enlisting i.e. increasing the choice ratio is non every bit easy as it seems to be. This is because of the hurdlings created by the internal factors and external factors which influence an organisation. The first activity of enlisting i.e. seeking for prospective employees is affected by many factors like hypertext transfer protocol: //www.citeman.com/317-recruitment-is-distinct-from-employment-and-selection/ accessed on Sep 2010 Organizational policy sing make fulling up of certain per centum of vacancies by internal campaigners. Local campaigners ( boies of dirt ) . Influence of trade brotherhoods Government ordinances sing reserves of certain figure of vacancies to campaigners based on community/region/ caste/ sex. Influence of recommendations, and nepotism etc. As such, the direction is non free to happen out or develop the beginning of desirable campaigners and instead it has to deviate its energies for developing the beginnings within the bounds of those factors though it can non happen suited campaigners for the occupations. For explicating an effectual and successful enlisting scheme, the scheme should cover the undermentioned elements: Identifying and prioritising occupations, recruitmentA maintain originating at assorted degrees in every organisation ; it is about a ne'er stoping procedure. It is impossible to make full all the places instantly. Therefore, there is a demand to place the places necessitating immediate attending and action. To keep the quality of the enlisting activities, it is utile to prioritise the vacancies whether to concentrate on all vacancies every bit or concentrating on cardinal occupations foremost. Campaigners to aim, theA enlisting processA can be effectual merely if the organisation wholly understands the demands of the type of campaigners that are required and will be good for the organisation. This covers the undermentioned parametric quantities as good: Performance degree required: Different schemes are required for concentrating on engaging high performing artists and mean performing artists. Experience degree required: the scheme should be clear as to what is the experience degree required by the organisation. The campaigner ‘s experience can run from being a freshman to see senior professionals. Class of the campaigner: the scheme should clearly specify the mark campaigner. He/she can be from the same industry, different industry, unemployed, top performing artists of the industry etc. Beginnings of enlisting, the scheme should specify assorted beginnings ( external and internal ) of enlisting. Which are the beginnings to be used and focused for theA enlisting purposesA for assorted places. Employee referral is one of the most effectual beginnings of enlisting. Trained recruiters, the enlisting professionals carry oning interviews and the other enlisting activities should be well-trained and experienced to carry on the activities. They should besides be cognizant of the major parametric quantities and accomplishments ( e.g. : behavioural, proficient etc. ) to concentrate while questioning and choosing a campaigner. How to measure the campaigners, the assorted parametric quantities and the ways to judge them i.e. the full enlisting procedure should be planned in progress. Like the unit of ammunitions of proficient interviews, HR interviews, written trials, psychometric trials etc. Recruitment demands are of three types Planned – The demands originating from alterations in organisation and retirement policy. Anticipated – Anticipated demands are those motions in forces, which an organisation can foretell by analyzing tendencies in internal and external environment. Unexpected – Resignation, deceases, accidents, unwellness give rise to unexpected demands. The enlisting and choice is the major map of the human resource section and enlisting procedure is the first measure towards making the competitory strength and theA enlisting strategicA advantage for the organizations.A Recruitment procedure involves a systematic process from sourcing the campaigners to set uping and carry oning the interviews and requires many resources and clip. A general enlisting procedure is as follows: Identifying the vacancy: The enlisting procedure begins with the human resource section having requisitions forA recruitmentA from any section of the company. These contain, Posts to be filled Number of individuals Duties to be performed Qualifications required. Fixing the occupation description and individual specification. Locating and developing the beginnings of needed figure and type of employees ( Advertising etc ) . Short-listing and placing the prospective employee with needed features. Arranging the interviews with the selected campaigners. Conducting the interview and determination devising Every organisation has the option of taking the campaigners for itsA enlisting processesA from two sorts of beginnings: internal and external beginnings. The beginnings within the organisation itself ( like transportation of employees from one section to other, publicities ) to make full a place are known as the internalA beginnings of enlisting. Recruitment campaigners from all the other beginnings ( like outsourcing bureaus etc. ) are known as the external beginnings of TheA enlisting. Beginnings of Recruitment: Internal: Transportations, publicities, upgrading, demotion, retired employees, retrenched employees, dependants and deceased employees ‘ relations ( merely in instance of authorities and PSU occupations merely ) External: Ads, college arrangement commission, consultancies, and employee referrals TheA recruitmentA map of the organisations is affected and governed by a mix of assorted internal and external forces. The internal forces or factors are the factors that can be controlled by the organisation. And theA external factorsA are those factors which can non be controlled by the organisation. Factors impacting recruitmentA map of an organisation: External Factors: New undertakings or new divisions of a company are started, organisational stigmatization, and inexpensive labour during economic downswings such as recession. Internal Factors: Recruitment policy, growing, enlargement of the organisation, and variegation, size of the house, and cost of enlisting. The other activity of enlisting is accordingly affected by the internal factors such as: 1. Working conditions and 2. Promotional chances 3. Salary degrees, type and extent of benefits 4. Other personnel policies and patterns 5. Image of the organisation 6. Ability and accomplishment of the direction to excite the campaigners. It is besides affected by external factors mentioned below: 1. Personnel policies and patterns of assorted organisations sing working conditions, wage, benefits, promotional chances, employee dealingss etc. 2. Career chances in other organisations. 3. Government ordinances. The grade of complexness of recruitment map can be minimized by explicating sound policies. A few progressive companies in India like Larsen & A ; Toubro, Hindustan Lever, Procter & A ; Gamble and a few others have model policies of enlisting which even international companies are seeking to emulate. Of late Indian BPO and multinationals have evolved their alone methodological analysiss in fast enlisting and choice procedures. Identify VacancyA?Prepare Job Description and individual SpecificationA?AdvertiseA?Pull offing the ResponseA?Short-listingA?