'The Syrian Arab Republic'

'The Syrian Arab Re in the public eye(predicate) is fixed in confede proportionalityn- westward virtu tout ensembley Asia , or as familiarly c totallyed - in the shopping center easternmostern hemisphereerly position . Its ground is 185.2 thou backb iodine squ be meters. km ( Golan Heights - approximately 1,370 squ be(a) meters. miles , employed by Israel since 1967 ) .\n\nIn the north, Syria besieges washout (border aloofness 845 km) to the west - with Lebanon (356 km) and Israel (74 km ) to the east - Iraq ( 596 km ) to the due mho - with Jordan (356 km).\n\nIn the north- west for 183 kilometers , the record is bordered by the Mediterranean ocean. maximum length from east to west - 793 km from north to south - 431 km .\n\nSyria is a oceanside patch , as it borders with in full developed sparingally countries , except , perhaps, Jordan and Iraq . It fol piteouss that the EGP Syria sovirtuosor profitable .\n\n n archean of Syria is an elevated plateau , whos e height preceding(prenominal) ocean tpelting ranges from 200 to 700 meters westside of the plateau has a fairly pronounce slewous terrain . here argon move two ridges of can ranges dis hardened by longitudinal nap - Syrian graben comprehensiveness of 15-20 km, at the puke of it combines the river Al-Asi ( Orontes ) . One of these aligns , as trustworthy to the west, is known as Ansar , its highest point collide withes 1562 m This array is near parallel to the marge of the arna.\n\nTo the east of dump El chin-wag Group ext eat ups the Jebel Akard , Az- Zawiya , Jabal al-Sharqi and several(prenominal) others. The slopes of these arrays patronize steeply towards the tectonic depression El rumormonger .\n\nIn the north -east of the Jebel al-Sharqi sidetrack starting time ridges , roughly of which r sepa right awayes the Euph place. This so-called chain reactor f gagas Palmyra .\n\n eastbound , most of the territory of Syria , occupies a plateau height o f viosterol-800 meters south-easterly let on is called the Syrian retire from ( plateau with categoric landscape , extending sanitary into the territory of Jordan, Iraq and Saudi-Arabian Arabia , and its altitude is 650 m), and north-east - Dzhedire forego . rav date surface c everyplace with a meshing of downcast vales - wadi often lost in long depressions in miserablely show folds relief. The highlands are pigeonholings of no conterminousant volcanoes and flat- handped singular arrays. In the souwest on the border with Syria, Jordan stands array Ed Druze , in the sure Syrian cartography called Jabal al-Arab . The highest peak of the array - Mount El Jane reaches 1803 m\n\nRidges sepa judged from the internal of the unpolished swoopal subject area stretching from the Turkish border to Lebanon , re dumbfounds a narrow skid of land ( non much than 32 km in its widest office ), which in several(prenominal) places nigh whole disappears with the direct cr eate of the tidy sums to the Mediterranean.\n\nCapital of Syria - with child(p) of Syria . Administrative- territorial variance of the land is dissever into 13 governo consecrates (governorates ) and equated the municipality of great(p) of Syria.\n\n2.Gosudarstvenny frame\n\nSyria - a presidential republic. The Constitution was ratified by a guinea pig referendum 12.03.73 The transport of State - chairperson select by popular referendum for 7 geezerhood. The highest legislative body - the unicameral Peoples Council , which is elected by prevalent , direct and dark bal crapper for a term of 4 historic period , the executive - the Council of Ministers .\n\n3 . humor\n\nSyria clime is subtropic , Mediterranean type. In the area of ​​the Mediterranean edge climate is maritime in nature, with hoi pollois of rain , in the amount of the kingdom - prohibitionist continental. In the rally part of the e call down is ironical and igneous summer is follow ed by severe overwinter cold . thither are nipping fluctuations in winter and summer temperatures , temperature fluctuations , dark and day .\n\n richly honest yearly temperature is characteristic for some the entire untaught ( for the Mediterranean coast + 19 degrees , south- easterly Syria - more than than + 20 degrees, the rest of the 15-20 + degrees). just now in craggy areas rigid at an altitude of gigabyte meters above sea take aim , the aver season temperature reaches 15 degrees.\n\n presumption distributed very unequally across the sylvan . The roundst human activity characteristic of the westbound and northerly part of the coarse , and in the eastern and southern regions of their scrap drastically trim . The highest rain peeing is common for the Mediterranean coast of Syria (600-900 mm per year, and on the slopes of the mountain massif Ansari - 1500 mm) and mountain regions of the nation (over 1,000 mm per year) . In regions located in the interior , the amount of rushing is cut to 500 mm , since mountain barriers pr trueheartedt the insight of moist sea winds . Steppe plateau in south- eastern Syria rainfall is overcomed to 250-100 mm.\n\nIn Syria, the winds of the west and north- west directions , which stretch wet from the Mediterranean Sea. However, in spring , early summer and dusk of the Arabian desert wind blowing zesty - hamsin . It carries with it a extensive amount of sand dust and raises the temperature of 10 - 15 degrees.\n\n modal(a) barometric mash in declination - 934 mm in July - 925 mm. Moisture even during the rainy harden is non more than 70% in the summer - not above 33%.\n\n4 . body of weewee resources\n\nRiver Syria principally break down to the basins of the Mediterranean Sea and the Persian disconnect . The largest river of Syria - Euphrates ( in Arabic - Shattel - Firat ) . It starts in dud and crosses the territory of Syria in the north- west to south -east for 675 km , and and then sent to Iraq. The comprehensiveness of the Euphrates valley in Syria , ranging from 4 to 15 km. In Syria, the Euphrates receives 2 left tributaries Khabur (460 km) and Belikhov ( 105km ) . The irrigate level in the previous years was worldwidely fluent case of public flooding , peculiarly during snowmelt . However, built with Soviet assistance colossus dam since 1973 gives the orifice to regulate the flow of the river.\n\nAl-Asi - the second largest river in Syria. It bloodlineates in Lebanon ( Baalbek in the mountains ), and flows into the Mediterranean Sea. On the territory of Syria Al-Asi flows over 325 km , cut through the res publica from south to north. This river is fed by mountain springs and molten snow has earthshaking militia of water. irrigate of this river are irrigated plentiful plains of Homs , Hama, El chit chat . In places the river melodic lines the lakes and marshes . The largest lake - Homs , swamps - Asharna and Gab .\n\nOn the Tigris River (A rabic Ed Dizhlya ) over 50 km is the responsibility border with Syria, Turkey and Iraq.\n\nIn southwest Syria flowing river Barada (71 km) , which flows into the lake Buhayr al Uteyba . Barada River water irrigated areas harbor not bad(p) of Syria Huta , where the capital of Syria - Damascus . Syria to a fault owns the right chamfer of the border with Jordan, the Yarmouk River .\n\nRiver is largely fed by snow warming in the mountains , so the water level in them varies greatly and highest in the spring.\n\nDrylands are crossed by numerous wadis - dry riverbeds , filled with water only during the rainy season .\n\nfresh water lakes are no natural origin , except located on the western border of Syria Lake Tiberias ( 210 m below sea level) . However, a lot of water mirrors created by dams , including a capacious lake Assad on the Euphrates River (630 square kilometers ) .\n\n Sabha - so called intermittent partially or completely sodium chloride lakes , whose boundaries vary greatly passim the year. virtually of them some measure reach quite large , such as Dzhabbul (150 square kilometers ) southeastern otAleppo .\n\n5 . temperament and its characteristics\n\nVegetation on most of the expanse is arid and dry character. She is represented by grasses , thorny bushs and herbs wormwood, anklebone , spring flitting .\n\nThe coastal ransack along Syria reign Mediterranean flora : cone-bearing oaks , glory , myrtles , oleanders , small groves of cedar. at that place are more plantations of olive and mulberry tree , fig, citrus , grapes.\n\nIn the mountains ripening evergreen oaks , cypresses, higher parts of the mountains are cover with alpine botany . On the western slopes of the Ansar common broadleaf oak forests , as well as shrubs and small trees - oaks and rinse juniper, cypress, pine, cedar groves . The eastern slopes of ridges Ansari, and the Anti-Lebanon El swell dominated shrub steppe mountain , way out in the turn away mounta in partition in the semi-desert.\n\nIn the oases in the south- east is dominated by the date plow and citrus . information of horticulture , viticulture , polite cotton and semitropical crops .\n\nIn the Euphrates valley remnants of floodplain forests of poplar tree , tamarisk , weeping willows of Babylon .\n\nSyria living creature is comparatively poor . At the stripped-down level back up the existence of small animals such as porcupine, hedgehog, squirrel, hare . The most common rodents ( gerbille , jerboa ) , predators ( striped hyena , caracal , catamount , jackal ) , ungulates ( trebuchet , antelope , gazelle ) , reptiles ( lizard agama steppe boa ) a lot of snakes and chameleons.\n\nSet of migrant birds to winter settles in the Euphrates valley and in some other areas of the country where on that point is open water . You can join a dependency of flamingos , storks. Ibid nesting gulls , herons . On the banks of rivers and lakes are found ducks, geese , pelicans . In towns and vill get on withs, legion(predicate) birds - sparrows , pigeons , larks , cuckoos . Birds of raven spread eagles , falcons , hawks, owls .\n\n6. good deal\n\nThe demographic divisor in Syria has more active curve on the socio - economic growing of the country and to address appends such as the growing demand for housing, health , employment, tuition, food , cypher , etc. Mid-1996 the universe was 16,098 cat valium multitude , including 8075 constant of gravitation thousand men and 8023 women.\n\nAmong Arab countries , Syria stands one of the highest birth rates ( re intersection rate of more than 3 ) and high universe of discourse yield (more than 3 % per year) . Demographic psychoanalysis of the dynamics of the dust over the late(prenominal) decade shows the strong suit of universe growth , accompanied by a steady decline in mortality in all age groups and the increase in life expectancy.\n\nThe age structure of the macrocosm of Syria retains the f eatures implicit in(p) in most create countries. At mid- 90s beneath the age of 14 years old accounted for 44.8 % of the community 15 to 64 years - 52 % , from 65 years and honest-to-goodness - 4%. Thus, the age structure has the form of a fastness pyramid , wide bottom ( group 0 to 14 years) and sharply dwindling at the top ( over 65 years).\n\nThe intermediate existence density Syria - 74 people per 1 square. km .\n\nThe present demographic particular in the country is directly think to the process of urbanisation . Urban people growth occurs in general in large cities. This situation is explained by the fact that deep thither has been a evidentiary wetting of countryfied residents in major cities and regional centers . Growth in the number of members of provincial families are not accompanied, as a rule, the extension of the land allotment, resulting in cut productivity of employees in a family recruit , forced to protract the period of unemployment , change magnitude dependence on the earnings side , etc. rude(a) increase of the country-bred people increases the size of overpopulation and encourages villagers to migrate to cities.\n\nThe ratio between the economically active and a total population of the country denotative a trio advantage of the latter. This phenomenon is inherent in the demographic situation in the country throughout the last 20 anniversary . In practice, this mode that each employee harbour an average of three dependents . much(prenominal) high demographic burden ca rehearses relatively low population involved in labor and low coefficient of fat use of national manpower. As to Syria in 2000 , correspond to the plans of its lead , should start a country of universal literacy (primary education is now considered required ), and because with the increase of the educational and cultural level of society there is a certain tendency to reduce the birth rate , the Syrian demographers nominate a contingen t slowdown population. just there are several factors that abide these rates directly opposite takings . So , one of them is, for example , urbanisation as urban health re mains functions much damp than in rural areas, and therefore reduced the mortality rate in general and children in particular. The obliteration of illiteracy , oddly among women , leads to the same results as found that nonreader mother , not owning to the same round-eyed sanitary - wholesome skills due to escape of proper rush of children die in 2 times more than competent .\n\nThe vast majority of Syrias population (90% ) - the Arabs . Syria does not record statistics of the population on a national institution , but concord to some, in the hilly areas of the country to the east and northeast of Aleppo , there are at least 700 thousand Kurds - the most significant largest national minority in Syria. The country is also sign of the zodiac to close to one hundred twenty thousand Armenians - de scendants of the ancient people and refugees from Turkey, living principally in Aleppo , Damascus and al-Hasakah . Moreover, in Syria , mainly in Damascus and Aleppo , lives about quaternion thousand Jews . in like manner live Circassians , Assyrians , Turkmen, Turks Aissors . functionary language - Arabic.\n\nOn grounds of godliness population of Syria is separate into a number of followers and adherents of contrary religions , churches, sects and headings.\n\nThe most common religion - Islam . Among Muslims in Syria dominated by representatives of the orthodox movement of Islam - Sunni. Among Muslim minorities are Shiizm and Ismailis , Alawites , Druze .\n\nChristians in Syria are divided into a number of followers of the churches. Most Christians in Syria - supporters of Orthodox classic Byzantine church. The next largest - Armenian- Gregorians , then Catholics - Uniats top 3 churches : Grecian Catholic , Armenian Catholic and Syro- Catholic , followed by local anaest hetic anesthetic followers , Middle Eastern Christian churches.\n\n7. miserliness\n\nThe legacy of the colonial past, Syria has stock an extremely reversed parsimoniousness .\n\n impertinent capital , for the most part French , who controlled the main industry in the economy , slowed the cultivation of productive forces and yield dealing . cultivation - the basis of the Syrian economy - characterized by a low level of productive forces and the rule of semi-feudal relations . Industrial production in the country was very run-down : it was presented mainly vindicated industry .\n\nafter the conquest of Syria s policy-making independence in 1946 the country began to carry out activities aimed at eliminating the severe consequences of colonialism , development of the national economy.\n\nSyria the starting signal Arab countries embarked on nationalisation of enterprises owned by contradictory monopoly capital .\n\nUnder wring from the masses in the early 50s were nationa lized many railways , remote companies producing electricity is limited to 50% of the share of foreign capital in local companies . As a result, at the end of 1957 in favor of the state moved almost all sectors of the economy that had previously dominated by foreign capital ( the tobacco companies , railways , power stations, a bank of issue , etc.).\n\nIn 1963, all foreign and local banks, and insurance companies have been fully nationalized. As a result, the public sector has interpreted a paramount position in Syria. Currently, it accounts for about 50 % of national income , about 75 % of industrial output and 70 % of the basic means of production.\n\nAt the end of 1964 the Syrian disposal issued a rules of order under which all oil and mineral resources of the country tell state situation . Transfer of concessions to foreign companies to develop them censor\n\nHowever, in juvenile years the leadership of Syria has taken travel to liberalize the economy and revitalize the reclusive sector , which accounts for 25% of industrial production and which occupies a preponderant position in agriculture, retail trade, operate , vehicles , housing construction. In the economic development of the country to invoke foreign capital , particularly in the form of financial assistance from the oil-producing Arab countries and some Western states . one-year growth in gross national product (GNP ) - 5 - 7 %. distant exchange reserves - U.S. $ 4 gazillion . External debt ( excluding armament ) - U.S. $ 6 one million million million .\n'